Global Local Debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Local Debates - Essay Example There are many factors that contribute to the choice of design, these should, in critical regionalism, include the regional aspect and identity as well as the standard views of light, space and materials. In Los Angeles, supermodernisation has occurred as both an altercation of the cultural differences that occur in the area from the impact of globalising forces, where design is subdued by political forces, commercialisation, and economisation of the region. To this, some believe that the critical regionalism is a construct of postmodern design that furthers the aspect of cultural growth, while others believe that the supermodernisation has inhibited the process of regional identification. In Latin America, the hybridisation of global forces into the definitive region has altered the architecture to become less dignified as an inherently cultural aspect, but more so as a liquefied representation of the homogeneity that has occurred. The concept of critical regionalism is at once tempting and cautionary, where in supermodernisation there is the removal of special regional identity, but use of regional imagery serves to protect the cultural values, however, as seen in the hybridisation of Latin America, this can also serve to dissolve the identification of a culture. Both arguments are presented from the sociological viewpoint of architectural design in the following presentation. There is a thought in homogenisation as a classic humanity issue to retain identity in the face of globalisation, although it is important to note that globalisation and homogenisation are not the same, globalisation is more an apex of the latter, and homogenisation is the accumulation. The transmission of culture has the concern of maintaining inherent dynamics, especially in small pockets of communities, as global realities reproduce and intermix with

Dog Training Essay Example for Free

Dog Training Essay Information to be output The output of the information will contain, the veterinary surgerys name, address and phone number and the surgery opening times on the back page. The opening times will make clear that the weekend surgeries are only for urgent cases. This leaflet will also give out the hours of emergency information. The title and a hamster picture will be on the front page. The information and another hamster picture will be on the inside pages. Data needed to produce the output The input needed to produce the leaflet will be a picture of a hamster; this will be a file on disk, on the inside pages there will be text on: Handling your hamster, cages, feeding your hamster, drinking bottle and common illness and health problems. These illnesses will include; diarrhoea and constipation. It will also include wet tails, colds, exercise and holidays. I will get this information from pages 23-24 of the booklet. On the front page there will be the title (Hamster care leaflet) and a picture of a hamster. On the back page there will be the veterinary surgerys name (Park view Veterinary surgery), the address (27 Park view, Lancre, LA6 9EJ), the phone number (01760 780003), the surgery opening times (Mon-Fri 9am-11: 30am, 4pm-7pm in the afternoons) and the urgent opening hours (10am-11am in the weekends). Desired outcomes and performance criteria The quality of the solution has to give an excellent impression of the veterinary and be easy to read so that people coming to the veterinary will be able to understand it and be able to find the information quickly in urgent circumstances. The style and layout of the output will be as follows: On the front page there will be a hamster picture and the title. In the middle pages there will be the information and another hamster picture, the sub headings in the middle pages must stand out so that the reader can find a certain type of information quickly. On the back page there will be; the veterinary surgerys name, address and phone number. It must also include the surgerys opening times and make it clear that weekend surgeries are only for urgent cases. Testing No testing needed beyond checking the leaflet meets the performance criteria. Dog Training A system will be made to calculate the price of dog training courses for each dog owner depending on how many dogs are to be trained. For example, walking to heel and not pulling on the lead. Format of the output The output will be in the form of a spreadsheet. This will be an interactive screen display, no printing is asked, but it can be if required. There will be columns for the number of dogs on the course, where the course is held, price of course per customer and amount paid to the trainer. Information to be output The information to be output will contain, the dog collars, the rewards, the location to train the dogs (the barn, the hall or the sports club). It will contain how many dogs are on each course, the price that each customer has to pay for each course and how much to pay the trainers and the cleaners. Data needed to produce the output The data needed to produce the output will be: the number of dogs (less than 15) on the course and where the course is held. These variables will determine how much each customer will have to pay (less than   50) and how much the trainer will get paid (basic rate 20 + i 1. 10 for each dog). The fixed amounts are: The price of the dog collars (i 1. 15), the price of the rewards (i 1. 30), the cleaners (i 6 per session). The rent costs are (rent x no. of sessions). I can find all this information from pages 8,9 and 26 of the booklet. Desired outcomes and performance criteria The quality of the solution and the style and layout of the output has to give a very clear, easy to read and easy to modify spreadsheet. The maximum number of dogs must be 15 and it must also be colourful. I must have the cost of the dog collars, the rewards, the cleaners and the location that the course will take place.

Cattells Big Five Factors Essay -- science

Cattell's Big Five Factors Cattell’s Big Five Factors of Personality, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary Personality Theory. Current Research Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the â€Å"Big five Factors of Personality†, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience. Han’s Eysenck’s and Sir Francis Galton behavior genetics research and Arnold Buss’ three concerns for evolutionary personality theory coinsided with each other. The Big five represents a catalog of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. Raymond Cattell used Allport and Odbert’s 4500 trait-descriptives in which he extracted 35 traits. After others continued to analyze these factors and found congruence with the ratings, that eventually became the Big five Factors of Personality. In order to fully understand the origin of these factors an outline for factor analysis must be explained. Factor analysis studies where conducted and the results where used in an analysis technique generally done with computers to determine meaningful relationships and patterns in behavioral data. Beginning with a large number of behavioral variables, the computer finds relationships or natural connections where variables are maximally correlated with one another and minimally correlated with other variables, and then it groups the data accordingly. After this process has been repeated many times a pattern of relationships or certain factors that capture the essence of all the data appears (Pervin & John 1999). The same process used to determine the Big Five Personality factors; copious amounts of different researchers that have done numerous tests and they all agree that the â€Å"Big five Factors† are the only consistently reliable factors that have been found. Big Five factors include: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience, these breakdown into understandable terms. #1 Extraversion implies an energetic approach to the social and material wo... ...between human nature and individual characteristics? He also acknowledged three criteria from evolutionary biology for determining a characteristic as a part of human nature. These are: it must be universal. Must be â€Å"innate, unconditioned, and relatively difficult to modify† (p.1139). And lastly it must have an adaptive function (Lindsey and Campbell p. 352,1998). In conclusion, all of these theories have laid the groundwork for mapping complex human behavior. It is still unclear when and how much of our personalities/traits come from genetics and how much is influenced by outside factors. Many believe you must learn of your past in order to succeed in the future, but understanding how we became what we are today is of equal importance. With the advances in technology, DNA/Genetics who knows what answers the future will hold for us. References Hall, C., Lindzey, G., Campbell, J. (1998). Theories of Personality (4th ed.) (pp.343-356) John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pervin, L. & John, O. (Eds) (1999). Handbook of Personality: theory and research. New York: Gilford. Potkay, C. & Allen, B (1986). Personality: Theory, research, and applications. California: Brooks/Cole.

Grameen Phone Selection Process

24 May 2008 MR. Amlan J. Haque Senior Lecturer School Of Business Independent University, Bangladesh Subject: Submission of the report on â€Å"Recruitment and Selection Procedure of GP. Dear Sir, We have the immense pleasure to submit our report on â€Å"Recruitment and Selection Procedure of GP† for your kind consideration. While making this report we came across many hurdles and pleasant experiences. But the valuable experiences we have gained during the period will undoubtedly benefit us in the real work field. Despite the several constraints, we gave our all efforts to make this report a meaningful one and in this way we express our deep gratitude as you kindly have given us the scope and assigned the task. We have tried heart and soul to make this case analysis perfect but for time limitation and other difficulties we may be some mistakes. We hope that you will ignore our faults and consider our lacks while judging the report. We enjoy this study and gladly attend any suggestion of you to clarify on any point, if necessary. At last, thanking you very much for assigning us such a pragmatic and interesting topic for preparing the report. Sincerely yours, Md. Khaleque Faisal Emon ID: On behalf of Group: All praises to be ALLAH and peace is on his prophet Mohammed (sm) We are higly indebted to those who helped us to prepare the report. We are alsoindebted to our course teacher MR. Amlan J. Haque for giving us this topic to make the report. Then we would like to express our sincere thanks to some of our friends for their help & we are grateful to those participants whose participation made possible to accomplish our report. we would like to thank IUB computer lab and library for their support that helped us to complete this work successfully. At last i wish to express my earnest gratitude to all of my course mates. Executive summery Recruitment and selection are one of the most important concerns for every organization. Recruitment process starts from the advertisement until the receipt of CV. As soon as the CV is dropped the recruitment process ends and the selection process begins. Strategic planning for recruitment and selection indicates the past trends and future forecast of organization. Grameen phone is the largest telecommunication company in Bangladesh, which holds nearly fifty percent share ofthis industry. Grameen Phone is gradually expanding its business to the edge of the country and holds a substantial share. Introduction & Background of The Study: Report is a compulsory requirement for everybody pursuing an BBA degree at the Independent University. We studied a lot of things about GrameenPhone and collected documents in various prospect in this regard. When we were continuing our study, we came to know a lot of things about GrameenPhone because this study attempts to produce a constructive report on recruitment and selection procedure of GrameenPhone. Ressons For Choosing GP: Reports play a vital role in the field of communication both in the educational orientation and in practical life. So from this side, it must be better in choosing or selecting the entire organization. Because a well-established organization or company can provide the best materials or documents to prepare a report easily which is very important in BBA. GP is a high ambitious and well-reputed company in Bangladesh currently used by over 1. 3 billion people in some 250 countries. GrameenPhone believes in service, a service that leads to good business and good development. Scope of the Study: The report covers the procedure of the recruitment and selection and emphasizes the human resource management on some position. The total industry and investment situation of the country is not observed in the report so this report does not actually compare the position of the mobile companies in the context of the total business situation of the country. Objectives of the Study: Broad Objective The broad objective of this study is to present the GrameenPhone’s entry-level function and practices in the overall industries in Bangladesh. Specific Objectives The specific objectives were as follows: Finding out the current process of GrameenPhone’s Recruitment and Selection. * Present factors to be considers in Selection Procedure. * Problems and prospects of Selection Procedure. And — * Categories of people/candidates who are mainly recruited. Methodology of the Study: Two different methodologies had to be designed to complete the parts: * Information regarding the overall procedure of Recruitment and Selection was gathered from the Internet and different literature survey. * To get a closer look at what different operators are providing it was necessary to collect different literatures published by the companies. Another source of information was interviews with different professionals of GP organizations. Limitations of the Study: * The information that we used to conduct our survey was mostly from secondary studies. So, it was not a perfectly representative sample. * The major limitation of the report is that it took a very short period of time in preparing this report fully. So ultimately there must be some lacking in its premises. * Moreover, it was not possible to get all required internal information of the company as these are treated as confidential company information. Vision of Grameen Phone: To become the largest telecommunication company in the world and reach the hands of every people around the world. Mission of Grameen Phone: To serve the customer with better quality and retaining existing customers. A Brief Profile of Cell Phone Sector in Bangladesh Introduction of Cellular Technology: Mobile technology introduced in St. Louis, Mississippi in 1946. From the beginning, mobile technology was very costly and was very rare and the service was limited to a single call and was not satisfied enough. After 1950 period, the cost of the technology become lower and coverage become wider. USA innovated an AMPS system in 1979, which was not very power full and that, was an analogue system. There were two types of analogue mobile phone system namely NMT & TACS were introduced respectively in North Europe and in UK in 1981. But with the pace of timeall these three analogue systems became unable to fulfill the demand. As a result, after more than one decade of analogue system digital system in mobile phone was introduced in 1992. The name of this technology is Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). More than 2o million subscribers in almost 130 countries worldwide use GSM technology. CDMA is another digital technology in mobile telecommunications. This GSM system can be said as the digital cellular system, which is fully featured with services like Basic Telephony, Data and Value Added services (VAS). The existing GSM technologies are GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900. Cellular Operation in Bangladesh: Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries in the world. It is also reflected in her telecommunication sector. Telecommunication is one of the important parameter to measure a country’s development. In 1988 the telephone density of Bangladesh was only 21 connections per 100 people. The main reason behind this poor performance is incapability of Bangladesh Telegraph and Telegraph Board (BTTB) to provide connection. Moreover their service quality was very poor. Against this background, Government of Bangladesh (GOB) took a reform program for the sector. The objectives of this reform program were to expand access to telecommunication services all over the country, improve service quality, satisfy all demand for telecommunication and promote efficient operation. The main strategy to achieve these objectives was to introduce private investment and operation in this sector. Ultimately in 1989, GOB issued license to private operator for provision of cellular, paging and radio trucking with exclusivity for five years services. In this five year contract was extended to thirty years. Ultimately, the evolution of cellular technology is duly justified. In 1989, a 20-year license with a five-year exclusivity was issued to a privatecompany, Bangladesh Telecom Limited (BPTL), for the provision of nationwide cellular telephone services. This license was cancelled and subsequently, Hutchison Bangladesh Telecom Ltd. (HBTL) was awarded the license, which commenced operation in 1991. HBTL offered a mobile phone to all the Bangladeshi citizens in Dhakawithin a periphery of 26 miles at a charge of Tk. 1. 25 lac and call charge of Tk. 10 (per minute) for in coming calls and the same for outgoing. Response from the consumers was impressive and remained so all through the monarch. HBTL gradually transformed to PBTL and simultaneously developed customer service quality by improving technical infrastructure. However, one of the serious discontinuance from the customers is that, ever-continuing price reduction creates a feeling of deprivation among the older users. World Telecommunication Industry: The corporate strategies and government policies in the international telecommunications sectors of the United States, the European Union, and Japan is very important to understand the present situation in the world telecom industry. Countries experience different rates of growth in telecommunications revenue in theirdomestic markets. An analysis revealed that the timing of the opening of domestic markets to competition made no difference in the rate of growth. Instead, thelevel of development and rate of overall economic growth were the determining factors. Trends of the international telecommunications industry are evaluated with strategic options for globalization for smaller countries and carriers. Between 1985 and 1995 telecommunications revenues for Japan and United States have generally grown at rates faster than new line activation or increasing call volume. Tariffs have been restructured, the mix of calls—local, long distance (trunk), and international—has changed, and leased-line and mobile services have grownrelative to traditional switched, wire-line telephony. Two major trends characterize the international telecommunications industry: Rapid technological advances, and The growing realization that liberalizing telecommunications industries is key to overall industry growth. These two trends hasten the liberalization of telecommunications markets around the world. The role of national governments is changing from that of a direct player to that of policy maker and regulator. The nature of international telecommunications trade is evolving from a bilateral, nation-to-nation framework to a multinational, multilateral company-to-company paradigm. Major international telecommunications alliances have taken many forms with the potential to dominate segments of international. Nevertheless, demand will increase for smaller firms able to provide local presence and technological expertise. There are various strategic options available to smaller countries and carriers. These strategies range from domestic to regional to international: * Lead the domestic market in phased liberalization * Seek opportunities to integrate vertically * Promote regional opportunities * Capture a major share of a regional market Expand enhanced services internationally. Recruitment and Selection of Grameen Phone Introduction: Human Resource Management is a strategic approach of processing or recruiting, developing, maintaining and utilizing the human resources of an organization. If a firm’s competitiveness depends on its employees, then the business function responsible for acquiring, training, appraising and compensating those employees who has to play a bigger roll in the firm’s success. As part of an organization, Human Resource Management must be prepared to deal with the effects of the changing world of work. For them, this means understanding the implications of globalization, technology changes, work-force diversity, changing skill requirements, continuous improvement initiatives, the contingent work force, decentralized work sites, and employee involvement. Factors to be considered in Selection Porcedure: Before going to the selection procedure, Grameen Phone should adopt some factors that are considered in selection process. These factors are: 1. Resignation and terminations. 2. Quality assurance and nature of Employee. 3. Technological and administrative changes of the Employee. 4. Financial availability of the candidates. 5. Trend analysis 6. Using computer and forecasting personnel requirements. This should be done by the Human Resource Manager of GrameenPhone when forecasting personnel needs. Finally the selected candidates are estimated the volume of output. Recruitment and Selection Process: GrameenPhone tries to discover industrious and innovative people ready to embark on a challenging career. During search for talent, GrameenPhone carry out a number of activities such as: †¢ Online Database. †¢ Advertisement in daily newspapers. †¢ Accept hard-copy submission of CVs in Human Resource Division. Occasionally from Job Fairs. Recruitment Procedure: GrameenPhone follow comprehensive and extensive selection procedures in search for the most ideal and competent professionals. The testing methods are effectively designed in order to accurately evaluate the required competence and skill for particular jobs. GP procedures for recruitment involve th e following steps: Recruitment & Selection Process: HR needs and Requisition: Department will inform the HR of any vacant position so that HR can co-ordinate / notify the other offices of the vacant position. Whenever needed, the head of HR will review the available records and database if there is any qualified and suitable candidate available from GrameenPhone’s internal sources or prospective external candidates already identified earlier. In special circumstances and to make a quick decision the head of HR may propose any suitable staff within the GrameenPhone for the position to the respective Unit/Department Head and/or project. Job Description: Recruitment process ideally begins with the analysis of job description and person specification for that job. A job description and analysis of person specification provide the foundation for stipulating the job title and salary scale of the position. Person specification defines the education, training and experience required by the jobholder. The person specification is vital because the key part of the person specification, established at the beginning, is used in structured selection interview. Job description is the basis of GrameenPhone’s recruitment, selection and placement, training, performance appraisal, salary administration, promotion and other personnel actions for its employees. The appointing authority and the line manager shall ensure that each employee has an appropriate and updated job description stating clearly the context, purpose, organogram, duties and responsibilities of the employees and person specification. Job description will be prepared and provided to the employee when he/she is appointed, promoted, newly assigned or when deemed necessary. Recruitment Sources: An effective recruitment always starts with the correct selection of sources of human resources. A recruited employee who has not the right skill cannot perform effectively. As a result the overall performance level is sure to deteriorate which has significant effect on the company performance. Therefore, GrameenPhone has been on continuous search of effective recruitment sources. Internal Sources: It is GrameenPhone’s policy to give preference to appoint internal candidates, provided that the employee is suitably qualified for the vacant or new position and also meets the existing and future requirements. Appointments may be made by the way of promotion, up gradation or transfer with the approval of the authority. As a usual procedure, job vacancies in GrameenPhone will be advertised through internal notices to the concerned offices. External Sources: Whenever job vacancies are required to be circulated outside, the main objective will be to attract a pool of candidates to apply from which qualified candidates for job vacancies can be chosen. Here are a number of external sources that is used by the company: * Newspaper Advertisement: Vacancy announced is circulated by publishing advertisement in the national dailies. The newspapers that are widely circulated are chosen for publishing advertisement. Employee Referrals: Employees of the company may refer prospective job seekers to HR department. There are professional and technical jobs, which are frequently harder to fill. Employees with hard-to-find job skills may know others who might meet the desired job requirements and do the same work. In such case, employee referral method may be useful. * Walk-ins and Write-ins: Often job seekers arriv e at HR department in search of a job. They are walk-in people. Write-ins are those who send their curriculum resume for suitable position. Both groups may be asked to fill up an application blank. Their relevant information may be kept in active database file for any suitable position in future. * Web site: Modern information technology such as web site is also used for advertising job vacancy of different positions. * Other: Depending on circumstances, other professional / employment agencies, technical institutes and journals may be chosen to give wider coverage of job openings. The role of HR personnel is very important in dealing with external job seekers because the outsider individuals draw an impression about the company on the manner their candidature has been dealt with. Application Receiving: HR department collects job applications against each vacancy announcement. There should have a minimum time period for application receiving. The period shouldnormally be around 10 days. All applications are sequentially numbered in HR. applications are not acceptedthat are received after the deadline. Under special circumstances, applicationsafter deadline may be accepted provided the concerned Manager gives written authorization. It is GrameenPhone’s policy to attract as many applicants to apply, provided thatthey meet the pre-requisites of the job. However, those who have been regretted within last six months period are not allowed to apply for whatsoever position in GrameenPhone and within one year, a candidate can not appear for more than two tests / interviews. Short Listing: Short listing is done on the basis of appraising information on the application form in the light of job specification of a position. The job criteria are critically reviewed during short listing. The short-listing method is qualitative one where managerial judgment plays important role. Before short listing of candidates for tests, job criteria are set by HR and line manager. There are general and technical job criteria that a candidate has to meet for consideration of next step of selection. HR determines general criteria while line manager determines technical criteria. Both the types of the criteria are important; however, it is the nature of job that determines which type of criteria should give more priority. Evaluating the followings does short listing: Educational Qualification: Whether the candidates have the required educational qualification, Relevant job experience and required skills: How far the candidate’s most recent job experiences and skills match the job requirements of the position. The candidate may have the irrelevant job experiences and skills that is not considered during short listing. GrameenPhone follows a standard set rule of short listing of candidates. For one position the number of candidates for written test should not be more than 8. The number of candidates in the oral test should not be more than 4-5. Administering tests and interview After short listing of prospective candidates, appropriate employment tests such as written tests, oral tests or any other tests as deemed fit are arranged to assess candidates’ suitability for the position. Through the test selected psychological factors such as intelligence, aptitude, temperament and attitude of the candidates are measured / observed. The main focuses of employment tests are on Job related questions to assess in-depth knowledge of the candidates Assessment of mental ability, reasoning, memory etc. * Assessment of potentiality and ability to learn. * Proficiency in performing tasks. * Assessment in line with job analysis. The selection is made on the basis of successive hurdle approach. The candidates are rejected following each of the stage or test being administered. HR drafts the written and oral test questionnaires. A set of questions of technical nature is drafted by line mangers and sent to HR. Few questionnaires from that list is included in the test by HR as random basis. While finalizing test question, HR considered the job requirements of the position and maintains relevance, consistency and standard on the pattern of questions. The type of question depends on the nature of the position. Usually a combination of multiple and narrative type of questions is set in the written test. HR exclusively checks all multiple type and non- technical narrative type of answers, while the line manager checks the narrative type of technical part. HR does the compilation of score in written test. It is the responsibility of HR to select and call candidates for subsequent tests based on the performance of written test. The minimum qualifying score in the written test is 45%. Candidates who have qualified in the written test are invited for the next selection test. Company Presentation: The candidates who have appeared for written test are briefed about GrameenPhone just before the test. HR organizes a half an hour presentation on the following topics: * The Company profile. * The present considerations, goals and targets of GrameenPhone. * The growth of GrameenPhone in the present market. * The brief job description of the position. * Type of the written test and evaluation of the result. Interview Steps: Selection interview is an in-depth discussion between interviewer and interviewee. An interview Board/Selection Committee is formed comprising of the following personnel: Line Manager Unit/Departmental Head Head of HRD HR processes all recruitment, however, for some senior management level position, outside recruitment may be permissible. Executive Search/ Professional Consulting Firms may be contacted by HR for this purpose. The interview board members ask questions that are relevant to the performancesof the job including questions regarding required skills. The type of questionsmay be mixed of open-ended, behavior-oriented; competency based and stresses type questions. The nature of questions varies according to the level of position. The interview board members rank all candidates and recommend candidates best suited for them. The basis of preliminary selection is marks obtained in oral tests and their judgment about the candidates fit for the position. The minimum acceptable score in the oral test is 4 in the 1-8 rating scale. The recommendation to be made does not necessarily be in favor of the top ranked candidate because the board member may be convinced in evaluating overall performance and background of the another close candidate. A consensual recommendation is made and forwarded to HR along with all papers for next course of action. The board members signed the Employment Approval Form. Medical Examination: In GrameenPhone, the job offer is contingent on passing medical examination conducted by the Company nominated diagnostic center. The medical examination is conducted once preliminary decision for recruitment is made but the employment offer has not yet given. The purpose for a medical examination is to obtain information on the health status of the applicant being considered for employment and to determine whether the applicant is physically and mentally capable of performing the job. The cost of medical examination is borne by the company. Information and Reference Check: Once a preliminary selection decision is made, HR verify certain information as provided in the job application such as educational degree, work experience, last employment status. The purpose of reference check is to obtain factual information confidentially about a prospective employee and seeking opinions from professional referees and previous employer about his/her suitability for the job. Final Selection and Appointment Offer: Based on positive report on health status from the medical center, and positive reference check, the candidate is selected for appointment. At this stage, the selected candidate is offered employment with GrameenPhone. The appointment authority of GrameenPhone issues an appointment letter to the selected candidates. The appointment letter includes: 1. Job title, Grade/Step and Salary 2. Nature of appointment 3. Place of posting 4. Name of section or department 5. Effective date of appointment 6. Probationary period, conditions of confirmation and notice period 7. Ending date of employment (applicable for contract employee) 8. GrameenPhone standard terms and conditions A current job description is also attached with the appointment letter. The appointment letter and job description will become valid only after signing by the Director HR and the employee, in the space provided for the purpose. Weaknesses of Selection Process: GrameenPhone faced some problems of selection process while maintaining its recruitment procedure. Although there is no process without lacking, GrameenPhone covers the weaknesses with soft-touch-smile. The weaknesses that the GrameenPhone faced are as follows: 1. Requirement not matched. 2. Double or triple CVs dropped by the candidates for getting opportunity cost. . Given wrong information. 4. Unreachable Mobile or Phone numbers. 5. Age factor. 6. Already working. 7. Salary range. 8. Confusion about contract position. 9. Reference problem. 10. Office proficiency. These are the problems that GrameenPhone faced in selection procedure. Sometimes it creates a serious problem in the way of selection but for the provision of the office proficiency, it must be overcome by the authority. Major Reasons o f Recruitment: Recruiting efforts are more successful when the recruiters themselves are carefully chosen and trained. Some employers use a recruiting yield pyramid to calculate the number of applicants they most generate to hire the required number of new employees. The following figure shows it. 50 New hires 100 Offers made (2:1) 150 Candidates interviewed (3:2) 200 Candidates invited (4:3) 1200 Leads generated (6:1) The recruiting and selecting process can best be envisioned as a series of hurdles, specifically, recruiting and selecting require: 1. Doing employment planning and forecasting to determine the duties of thepositions to be filled. 2. Building a pool of candidates for the job. 3. Having the applicants fill out application forms and perhaps undergo aninitial screening interview. 4. Utilizing various selection techniques such as tests, background investigations, and identify viable job candidates. 5. Sending to the supervisor responsible for the job. 6. Having the candidate(s) go through one or more selection interviews withthe supervisor and other relevant parties for the purpose of finally determining to which candidates(s) an offer should be made. During the process of recruitment and selection, GrameenPhone always prefer thebest categories of candidates to its finalized procedure. For this, the production of services of GrameenPhone is best. The best categories’ people and the highest educated candidates of students are engaged to GrameenPhone whose main aim is to give the country best services. People of different disciplines and activities are getting engaged with GP. Normally GrameenPhone recruit the experienced personnel to its senior level positions. In spite of that, the people who have minimum experience of 1-2 years are also getting employment in this company. Another types of people are currently getting employment opportunities in different units of GrameenPhone. They are the students of different Public and Private Universities. The work on the hourly basis and get a remuneration of Tk. 16,000 to 18,000. In the near future, GrameenPhone works with full swing by taking the hands of largest educated personnel’s so that it can make a contribution in the country’s mind and side by side to the heart of the rural and urban people. Summary: Recruitment and selection a vital role-played by the Human Resource Division of GrameenPhone. During its recruitment and selection procedure primary screening are taken through an advertisement. Then the HR division collects the CVs from the pool of candidates and makes sorting on the basis of education, experiences and out looking appearance. After the preliminary steps, they call for set in the exam that is called Employment Test. After getting the satisfactory marks, they are again call for interview where they are introduce with their job categories and expected salaries. When the HR getting the confirmation from the candidates, they send them for the medical examination and then hiring decision. After the placement, the role of HR is ended. But this is not the end; it is the beginning of the process. There are some weaknesses of HR through its recruitment and selection procedure. But GrameenPhone’s HR handles it with dedication. Findings and Analysis By analyzing the procedure of Grameen phone’s recruitment and selection procedure we can see that the HR division first collects the CVs from the pool of candidates and makes sorting on the basis of education, experiences and out looking appearance. After the preliminary steps, they call for set in the exam that is called Employment Test. After getting the satisfactory marks, they are again call for interview where they are introduce with their job categories and expected salaries. When the HR getting the confirmation from the candidates, they send them for the medical examination and then hiring decision. After the placement, the role of HR is ended. But this is not the end; it is the beginning of the process. There are some weaknesses of HR through its recruitment and selection procedure. But GrameenPhone’s HR handles it with dedication. Grameen phone is recruiting the best quality employees in the world. Conclusion and Recommendation An intense competitiveness has hit the very prospective and fast growing telecommunication sector in Bangladesh, specially the mobile telecom sector. And the credit goes to GrameenPhone, the eight years old private operator with new view of business solution and some other government-backed operators who have come to the market bringing down the cost to afford mobile communication. As an electric communication media, telecommunication industry makes people’s life more smooth, fast and enjoyable. But it seems few operators in the country are capable of meeting the growing demand of the city dweller’s need for communication. The market of mobile telephony still has great areas of unmet demand which if addressed properly could delight the consumers. GrameenPhone is a profit oriented mobile company seems together the highest energetic personnel who can serve better for the customer as well as human resource. Human Resource Management must be prepared to deal with the effects of the changing world of work. For them, this means understanding the implications of globalization, technology changes, work-force diversity, changing skill requirements, continuous improvement initiatives, the contingent work force, decentralized work sites, and employee involvement. This approach applies to GrameenPhone’s humanresources. Grameen Phone is a service company, one of it’s major objective is to ensure quality service to the customers, Generally Smart Loyalty agrees that in order to grow in business it is important to know which customers at all stages of commitment are thinking about the company, the products, services and competition. Furthermore, cellular service is a growing business in Bangladesh, competition is also increasing. Therefore, it is very important to retain and maintain exiting relationships with the subscribers. For this reason Human Resource Management of GrameenPhone plays and important role through its procedure of Recruitment and Selection because without recruit and select the most qualified employees, it cannot service better. A right person in the right place can do something better than the others. So the functions of Human Resource Division of GrameenPhone perform better. When a candidate appears in the recruitment and selection process, he/she may face several numbers of stares which is enough for his/her performance evaluation. From this, an evaluator can identify which categories of employee he/she is. After that he/she can be placed in the different unit under his/her ability or skills of works. In this way an employee can give the nation a better service according to their needs and earn profit to the attested company. That is doing GrameenPhone. Now-a-days, GrameenPhone’s Human Resource Division tries to follow the Multinational Human Resource Management strategies to adopt the international market, policy and prospects. Above all telecommunication industry is inevitably ministering our mobility, enhancing intensification of businesses, information systems, utilizing resources, pressing forward our economy & escalating social sensitivity One of the strongest sides of GrameenPhone is its customer’s satisfaction, human resource development and performance in the country and outside the country. An organization without comments is like a ship without a rudder. So I arrange the recommendation part under the following ways: – 1. GP should earn flexibility to be able to reduce the bill, if necessary. But currently they should reduce the billing rate as others are offering lower than them. 2. Capacity of the helpline should be increased in the pick hours. 3. Different programs should be taken to educate the subscribers regarding different essential features of mobile phone. 4. For the purpose of raising subscribers in the urban area, different levels of local employees should be increased. . GrameenPhone should take extensive program to build a positive image among their users. So for that reason experienced persons should be hired or made by them with functional selection process. 6. GrameenPhone should offer some special packages in the first week of every month so that it can get every customer and every customer must attach with products. 7. Human capitals should be u sed in a particular sector without misused. Because Today’s Human Resources is related to that’s Human Capitals, which earns revenue. 8. Unfair touch of internal pressure towards Human Resources should be stopped right now for the betterment and long ability of the company. 9. GrameenPhone must initiate the availability of employees as well as employment. References 1. GrameenPhone Limited (2004-2005), News Letter. 2. GrameenPhone Limited, Image Guide Book & Intranet. 3. V. A. Zeithmal and Mary Jo Bitner, Service Marketing, International Edit ion (1996), The MacGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , New York. 4. T. A. J. Nicholson, Measuring Consumer Service and Managing Delivery. 5. James Brian Quinn, Jordan J. Baruch and Penny Cushman Paquette, Technolo gy in Services, Scientific American (December 1987). 6. Earl Naumann and Kathleen Giel, Customer Satisfaction Measurement and Ma nagement. (1978) 7. Web Site: www. grameenphone. com 8. Grameen Phone Ltd. , Annual Report 2002-05. 9. GrameenPhone Ltd. , Human Resource Division-July-2005, Divisional Annual report. 10. GrameenPhone Ltd, Customer Management Division-July-2005, Divisional Ann ual Report. William P. Anthony, Pamela L. Perrewe, K. Michele Kacmar,(Florida State Universi ty,1993), A Strategic Approach, 3rd Ed. , Human Resource Management, pp. 233-290.

Mobile Computing Essay

Abstract Mobile computing offers significant benefits for organizations that choose to integrate the technology into their fixed organizational information system. Mobile computing is made possible by portable computer hardware, software, and communications systems that interact with a non-mobile organizational information system while away from the normal, fixed workplace. Mobile computing is a versatile and potentially strategic technology that improves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency, and enhances management effectiveness. A detailed analysis, supported by selective presentation of published literature, is used to elucidate and support these asserted benefits of mobile computing. Additionally, a set of inquiring called the MOBILE framework is developed. The MOBILE framework assists information technology professionals in achieving the stated benefits of mobile computing by defining the types of problems, opportunities, and directives that are best addressed through mobile computing technology. Using mobile systems in urban systems is a research subject, which was addressed in the last year by several research projects and research papers. Thus, the research field of mobile systems in urban systems becomes more complex and more diversified. In such a situation and analyzing look at the research work done so far can provide valuable insights. Hence, in this paper a work in progress for a review of literature regarding the design, use and impact of mobile systems in urban systems will be presented. In this review a verbal approach will be used, which will be based on a reference framework. This reference framework will be mainly designed with respect to the research methods and research questions applied respectively discussed in the evaluated literature, so that in the end of the review conclusions regarding future research questions in the field of mobile and urban systems can be drawn. Introduction Android technology is a type of OSS (open source software), which is a type of software readily available with a source code that isn’t held exclusive by copyright laws. Android is made especially for mobile devices and includes: software that provides common services for computer applications, middleware, which lets multiple applications run at the same time or connect, and many other key applications like social networking, games, and business modules. Android is modeled after Linux kernel, the first operating system of free and open-source software. However, Android is moving to increase the number of people with web access via mobile devices (cell phones). In August of 2005, Google purchased the original software developer of Android. Android technology includes the hardware devices, operating systems, and computer-programming languages used by the Android phone. Android developers write in java language, which is why the majority of the open-source software stack consists of Java applications on a Java-based framework that is object-oriented. Some of the most popular android products are HTC-EVO 4G and Droid X, 2, and Pro smart phones as well as one of it’s latest developments, the Motorola XOOM, an Android tablet. Android continues to progress in its production of newer software, smart phones, etc. To date, there are over two hundred thousand applications offered for Android. Lastly, Android technology has improved mobile technology by forming the Open Handset Alliance, a group of handset manufacturers, service providers, and chip producers whose goal is to form the ecosystem for Android operating systems. The fundamental purpose of this paper is to illustrate that mobile computing is a versatile and potentially strategic technology that improves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency, and enhances management effectiveness. A successive examination of the characteristics and benefits of mobile computing is used to achieve this goal.As a starting point, a definition of mobile comput ing is provided. Next, the technologies that make mobile computing possible (hardware, software, and communications) are examined. The discussion of mobile computing technologies leads into an overview of the types of applications that are commonly found on mobile computers. With this background established, the following two sections demonstrate the ability of mobile computing to improve both information quality and information accessibility. Using this knowledge in conjunction with mobile computing case examples, the ability of mobile computing to improve operational efficiency is subsequently supported. Then, the ability of mobile computing to increase management effectiveness is similarly supported. The previously discussed improvements in information quality, information accessibility, operational efficiency, and management effectiveness are then used to demonstrate that mobile computing is a versatile technology. Additionally, three separate existing frameworks for understanding the strategic nature of information technology are used to illustrate the strategic qualities of mobile computing. As with any technology, mobile computing must be used appropriately in order to attain the benefits that have been discussed. To this end, a set of heuristics called the MOBILE framework is developed by the author to assist information technology professionals in achieving the stated benefits of mobile computing. The MOBILE framework assists information technology professionals by defining the types of problems, opportunities, and directives that are best addressed through mobile computing technology. Before concluding, the paper discusses the continuous evolution and change that is occurring within the field of mobile computing. Two examples of new technologies that will impact mobile computing in the future are examined. The paper concludes with a review of the material covered and a reassertion of the stated benefits of mobile computing. Chapter II Review of Related Literature This chapter presents the literature and related studies that clarifies the different aspects of the research. It also discusses the theories about the subject, and its purpose. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). a. Foreign Literature * Salon Booker Salon Booker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the Gramercy. One family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. Salon Booker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any time, even via an smart phone or iPad. With Salon Booker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, save time through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. * Leprechaun Spa Leprechaun Spa and Salon Software is easy-to-use, point-of-sale management software developed by spa and salon owners for salons and day spas. Leprechaun spa and salon management software facilitates most daily spa and salon management functions, eliminating paperwork and saving time and money. Its features include sales tracking, sales reports, payroll systems and more. Bibliography Karch, M. (2011). What is Google Android? Retrieved from http://google.about.com/od/ Karch, M. (2011). What is Google Android? Retrieved from http://google.about.com/od/ socialtoolsfromgoogle/p/android_what_is.ht Reardon, M. (2008, April 1). Google Android and the Wireless Future. CNET News. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/4520-13935_1-6853338-1.html?tag=mncol%3b3n Ruffolo, R. (2008, August 5). The Biggest Obstacles Facing Google’s Android [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/the-biggest-obstacles-facing-googles-android/03721 Android(Operating System). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Android_%28operating_system%29 May 1, 2011 The New Faces of Android. (2009, September 16). Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/business/23478/ May 1, 2011 http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Related-Literature-1071040.html http://www.salonbooker.com/ http://www.squidoo.com/leprechaun-salon-software-hair-salon-software-nail-salon-software-tanning-salon-software

Article review of A Question of Balance essays

Article review of A Question of Balance essays This review is of the article A question of balance from the April 2004 volume of National Geographic. In the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar (what used to be called Burma), a large wildlife sanctuary was created in an uninhabited section of the valley. Now the wildlife sanctuary is being considered for expansion to become the worlds largest tiger reserve. In an earlier time, this plan may not have faced so many challenges. In the years following World War Two, the bridges leading into the valley were destroyed by nature as well as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) who sought to keep out the central government. Now, decades later, the bridges into the Hukawng Valley are being rebuilt. Because of this, tens of thousands of people are moving into the area. They come in search of gold and wildlife for profit. The gold in the Hukawng valley has remained largely untouched for years. Because of this, people are going to great lengths just to find small amounts of it. A small amount of gold can easily equal a months pay or more. It is the methods used to extract the gold from the soil that worries environmentalists. The miners start by using high pressure water to blast a hole into the ground. The hole becomes larger and the soil is turned into sludge. Cyanide and mercury are then used to help pull the gold from the sludge. For all of the work that is involved, little gold is retrieved and the environment pays the price. The nearby streams and the ground water is damaged by the poisonous chemicals, any animals drinking water from these sources will most likely be killed. Another problem presented by the gold mining is the large increase of people in the area. There are now thousands of people living in areas were only a hundred lived before. The increase in people means a major drain on the local resources. One of those resources is the wildlife in the area. The tigers in the area must ...

Taking the SAT, ACT or SAT Subject Test Consider These Study Tips

Taking the SAT, ACT or SAT Subject Test Consider These Study Tips Tips for Preparing for the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject Test Tips for Preparing for the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject Test Ways to Improve Your Exam Performance Getting ready to apply to college? If you have top-tier schools on your list, getting a high score on the SAT or ACT is a must. It is not enough to believe you already know the information; you are strongly advised to prepare thoroughly as opposed to simply winging it. This article provides you with some tried-and-true advice that can make taking either exam a whole lot easier. First, it might be useful to think about the SAT or ACT in the same way that you would think about a game. If you are able to come up with a winning strategy, you can learn how to master either exam. Here is your game plan as you are prepping for either or both tests. Take Practice Exams Based on the Actual Conditions that You will Face Students who score high on the ACT and SAT always go into the exam knowing exactly what to expect. This starts by taking practice exams on a regular basis. We do not mean just casually trying to answer questions when you want. We are talking about simulating the actual environment that you will encounter when you take the real deal. This means allotting the same amount of time for each section as you will on the actual test, taking the same 5 and 10 minute breaks that will be permitted, no listening to music or talking on the phone, or otherwise engaging in activities that would be forbidden when youre in the test center. There are plenty of websites that offer free full practice exams and you can also buy official study guides or those equally effective ones made by The Princeton Review. Identify the Easy and Difficult Questions When tackling the math questions on either the SAT or ACT, keep in mind that the easiest questions are at the beginning of the section and then they increase in terms of difficulty. If you are stumped on any question, skip it for the time being and go back once you have finished answering the questions you know. The questions are all weighed the same on both tests, so it is not to your advantage if you focus on the difficult ones at the expense of the ones you find easier. Note that the SAT and ACT diverge in one very significant way: you will actually be penalized for getting answers wrong on the SAT where as you are not on the ACT. For this reason, you have nothing to lose by filling in all the answers on the ACT even if you have to just guess. On the SAT, in the unlikely event that you cannot eliminate even a single answer choice, you are better off leaving it blank. But if you can reduce it down to a couple of choices, you should take a guess. Time Management Is Important The amount of time to answer the questions is limited, so make sure to make the most of your time. During the course of prepping for the exams, you should have already familiarized yourself with the rules. This means there is no reason to read them again while taking the real test. You should also be able to estimate how long it takes you to answer the questions based on evaluating your test question results. While it has already been mentioned, we want to stress again that if you cannot make a decision about a certain question, you should move on to the next one. Why waste 5 minutes on one question when that time could have been spent correctly answering 3 other questions? Read the Questions Carefully Misunderstanding the meaning of a question can have a big impact on the results. In particular, the folks who design the test will often intentionally writing a question in such a way that a misinterpretation can lead to the incorrect answer. You could also find that a couple of answer options both seem reasonable if understood in different context. For this reason, you would really want to make sure that you understand exactly what is being asked. While you certainly do not want to take your sweet time, you also should not overly rush things. Practice Makes Perfect This expression is probably overused, but it is nonetheless very applicable. As you are organizing your study schedule, devote each day to a different section of the exam. Take the time to identify your strengths and weaknesses. While you would still benefit from answering questions from sections that you are clearly good at since you will want to keep your skills sharp, you should devote more time to improving upon your weak points for the sake of time efficiency. In addition, as you are answering practice questions, do not just examine the incorrect answers, you should also see what you did right. When the answer is correct, determine whether it was just an educated guess or based on a clear understanding of the information. As you assess your incorrect answers, determine the reasons for it as well. Are you simply misunderstanding the questions? Are you rushing through the test? Do you need to brush up on your math or vocabulary skills? You are never going to improve your practice exam results merely by taking them over and over again, you need to know what went wrong and how to improve it. If You Are Unhappy with the Results, Take the Test Again If you get an awesome score the first time you take the SAT or ACT, that is one less thing to worry about as you work on the application process. But if you did not do as well as you had hoped, you really have nothing to lose by taking it again. In fact, if you manage to do better the second time around, admissions committees have been known to take that into account when deciding whether to invite you. With the SAT, if you retake the test a few times, some colleges will actually combine your best section scores from multiple tests. However, regarding the ACT, schools will just take your best score and disregard the others.

Predicting the 20 Most Populous Countries in 2050

Predicting the 20 Most Populous Countries in 2050 In 2017,  the UN Population Division released a revision of its  World  Population Prospects,  a regularly-issued report that analyzes world population changes and other world demographics, estimated out to 2100. The recent report revision noted that the world population increase has slowed a bit, and is expected to continue to slow, with an estimated 83 million people added to the world every year. Population Overall Grows The United Nations forecasts the global population to reach 9.8 billion in the year 2050, and growth is expected to continue until then, even assuming that the decline in fertility would increase. An aging population overall causes fertility to decline, as well as women in more developed countries not having the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. If the fertility rate of a country is lower than the replacement rate, population declines there. The world fertility rate was 2.5 as of 2015 but declining slowly. By 2050, the number of people over age 60 will more than double, as compared with 2017, and the number over 80 will triple. Life expectancy worldwide is projected to rise from 71 in 2017 to 77 by 2050.   Overall Continent and Country Changes by 2050 More than half of the forecast growth in world population will come in Africa, with an estimated rise in population of 2.2 billion. Asia is next. Asia is expected to add more than 750 million people between 2017 and 2050. Next are the Latin America and Caribbean region, then North America. Europe is the only region anticipated to have a lower population in 2050 as compared with 2017. India is expected to pass China in population in 2024, Chinas population is projected to stay stable and then to slowly fall, while Indias is rising. Nigerias population is growing the most quickly and is forecast to take over the United States number three position in world population around 2050. Fifty-one countries are projected to see a decline in population by 2050, and ten are estimated to drop by at least 15 percent, though many of them are not largely populated. The percentage per person is higher than in a country with a large population, such as  Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Ukraine, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (territory counted independently from the United States population). The least-developed countries grow more quickly than those with mature economies, but also send more people as immigrants to the more developed nations. What Goes Into the List Following is a list of the 20  most populous countries in the year 2050, presuming there are no significant boundary changes. Variables that go into the projections include trends in fertility and its rate of decline over the next decades, infant/child survival rates, numbers of adolescent mothers, AIDS/HIV, migration, and life expectancy.   Largest Populations by Country in 2050 India: 1,659,000,000  China: 1,364,000,000Nigeria: 411,000,000United States: 390,000,000Indonesia: 322,000,000Pakistan: 307,000,000Brazil: 233,000,000Bangladesh: 202,000,000Democratic Republic of the Congo: 197,000,000Ethiopia: 191,000,000Mexico: 164,000,000Egypt: 153,000,000Philippines: 151,000,000  Tanzania: 138,000,000Russia: 133,000,000Vietnam: 115,000,000Japan: 109,000,000  Uganda: 106,000,000Turkey: 96,000,000Kenya: 95,000,000   Source World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, June 21, 2017.

Poetry Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Explication - Essay Example This means that the other half was inside the water. In the human world, the fish is an alien organism, while in the water, the fish is at home. To the fisherwoman, the fish is unpleasant organism, and it is weak (Bishop, 1983). It is therefore a victim of humanity, and it is vulnerable to the whims of the mankind. This paper analyzes the use of symbolism in the poem. This is because the entire poem is full of symbolism, which is used to explain the relationship that exists between man and the aquatic world. The poem by Elizabeth Bishop is not organized into stanza, but it is written in a prose form. It is kind of a narration that a fisherwoman gives on her experiences when she was out fishing. This poem is not rhythmic in nature, and the words used are easy to understand. This is even though there is a lot of symbolism and stylistic devices in it (Bishop, 1983). Furthermore, the poem is very descriptive in nature. The narrator of the poem manages to describe how the fish looked like, and the emotions that she felt towards the fish. She felt pity, and this is because the â€Å"Fish† was weak and vulnerable to human activities. There are numerous stylistic devices used in this poetry, and an important one is symbolism. The description that the speaker describes the â€Å"Fish† resembles as if it is dead, rather than alive (Bishop, 1983). Furthermore, the fact that the aquatic animal is caught means that death is imminent. For instance, the narrator denotes that the stripes of the Fish brown skin looked like an ancient wall paper, and the patterns of these wall papers were lost through the ages (Bishop, 1983). Furthermore, the narrator denotes that the Fish is bespeckled, and it is covered with white sea lice. This is a symbol of death. In symbolizing death, the narrator further denotes that the Fish is covered in rags of green weed. The narrator was

Eyes on the Prize, Fighting Back Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eyes on the Prize, Fighting Back - Movie Review Example The most important thing I learnt from the movie is the action taken by the NAACP to force the government to implement the recommendations of the court decision. This helps in understanding the achievements of the minority groups in fighting for the social achievements enjoyed today. The other most important thing is the admission of the first Black students to attend schools with other mixed races without rampant cases of discrimination. For instance, Central High School experienced mass action after the administration refused to admit the minorities in the school. The most interesting I learnt from the movie is the chronological depiction of the events of the early ’57 to the late ’62. The audience is able to follow the happenings and challenges faced by the civil rights activists as they tried to implement the education recommendations. Another important thing that I learned is the defiant nature of the minority activists as they forced their children to attend mixed -race schools. This encouraged the intervention of the political leaders to step in to allow equal learning opportunities among the races.

Use of Quick Response Codes in Health Care Essay

Use of Quick Response Codes in Health Care - Essay Example QR technology is a smartphone enabled technology that uses smartphone applications to smart scan quick response (QR) codes of any range. However, concerns raised about the reliability of the use of QR codes by the public have questioned the credibility as to whether its main purpose is providing information about a patient during emergency cases or whether it is a government plan of gaining private information about its citizens (Samwald & Adlassnig, 2013). Defined as a matrix barcode readable by use of a Smartphone with an enabled right barcode reading applications, the technology’s applicability in the health care contains health information about a patient that can be used during emergencies (Bassendowski, 2012). Despite the high potential that this technology holds in attending patients during emergency cases, ethical and privacy concerns have been raised that make the public and healthcare institutions shy from adopting it. In demystifying the use of QR codes in healthcare, this paper will look at its background, advantages and disadvantages and give answers as to whether the technology is safe for adoption by the public. Quick Response Codes (QR) is the trademark technology for either a matrix barcode or two-dimensional code that holds information about a particular item, product or a person. Initially designed for the automotive industry in Japan by the â€Å"Denso Wave Corporation† in 1994, the technology has found a myriad of other uses due to its success. Original designers of QR Codes intended it to aid in tracking Toyota vehicles and their parts during the manufacturing process. Increasingly though, other businesses and corporations especially the packaging companies have adopted the technology. Finding its way to the United States as a an advertiser’s strategy of providing potential customers with information and URLs containing information about the company and product specifications, the technology has cross boarders and healthcare now is embracing it more and more, and recommending it to patients (Samwald, & Adlassnig, 2013). Healthcare’s exploitation of the technology seeks to use it in different ways for example a woman scheduling a mammogram by reading a QR Code that provides access to a website. They can offer patients with directions to online libraries for health information and educational videos as well as providing access to components of electronic health recor ds (EHRs). The simplicity and the ease of use of the technology have been cited by some scholars as the biggest reason for its recommendation to the healthcare. QR Codes do not require any specialized tags as (Samwald & Adlassnig, 2013) observes. It is a 2D technology, easily generated and printable on numerous surfaces without the use of any specialized equipment. People can develop these codes easily and embed their personal information that are of great help to the medical teams when treating them in an emergency case. the process of scanning and obtaining all the information, both personal and medical helps in saving a lot of time for the patient in case of an emergency. Learning the process of developing and using this technology by people takes a short while, whilst it has the potential of saving their lives in the long run (Bassendowski, 2012). Scanning and decoding of the information from the most obvious devices that are easily accessible such as Smartphones and iPhones sav es time for the doctors and nurses (Baum, Top of Form2013). The barcode, containing crucial information about the patient when scanned saves time of running preliminary tests or

Cost management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cost management - Essay Example ent even the best marketing brains from boosting sales, the only option available to even the most adventurous management is to reduce costs to maintain the existing profit level. At a cursory glance it seems to be the only and might be the most prudent approach that any management might conceive. But ill conceived cost reduction triggered as a panic reaction to the gloomy market scenario might cause more harm to the company than any good as expenditures that are absolutely imperative for the company’s health might be sacrificed in this new avalanche of trimming down of expenses. The role of the management accountant as a custodian of entire database of the company has thus assumed a critical importance as the management accountant occupies a vantage position from where a critical and dispassionate evaluation of exiting cost structure and a prudent management of costs, as contrasted to cost reduction, can be implemented. There has thus been a phenomenal, and largely unnoticed, shift in the role of management accountant in managing a business. But this change can be properly appreciated only if one examines the basic nature of accounting and the inherent differences that exist between financial, management and cost accounting. This knowledge will equip an avid observer the wherewithal to adequately appreciate the subtle difference between cost and management accounting and cost management. The basic objective of accounting is interpretation of financial data to provide a sound basis for action by management, investors and other stockholders in the entire commercial venture. (Paton 1949) Thus, from a means-end perspective the end is an expected cache of sound and economically relevant information and the means adopted can best be referred to as descriptions. From a more practical aspect it can therefore be said that accounting provides information for two distinct but inextricably interlinked purposes; the first one quite obviously consists of reporting to

Avoiding Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Avoiding Taxes - Essay Example The US tax returns process requires the US citizens to pay tax on the incomes they earn all over the world. The US citizens are required to pay income taxes on their world-wide income irrespective of the fact whether they visited the US land in recent times or in the recent decades. This led to the renouncing of US citizenship by the US people which has increased from 231 in 2008 to 1781 in 2011. By giving up US citizenship, the people of US or people residing abroad are able to reduce their tax liability as they are not required to follow the lengthy process of US tax returns (Yoshov, 2007). The tax liability is also reduced as the taxes on worldwide income are reduced as an effect of renouncing the US citizenship. Thus the overall tax liability is reduced as a result of renouncing of US citizenship by people especially in US and also by people holding US citizenship and residing abroad. Tax liability: Effects of dual citizenship Many people having US citizenship have migrated to other countries where they also hold a citizenship of that country. England and Wales constitutes the highest number of US citizens all over the world. These people have dual citizenship in both the US as well as in another country like England. The effect of dual citizenship is, however, complicated as the people are required to pay taxes to both the US government as well to the Inland Revenue System of the country of residence. Thus the effect of dual citizenship does not help the people in reducing their tax liability. Because of the US citizenship, the people are required to pay taxes for the worldwide income. Apart from this, the US citizens are also required to pay taxes to the host country where they have migrated and are earning their income (Patterson, 2006). Apart from this, the dual citizenship would also enforce the US citizens to pay capital gains tax to the US government if they sell their properties in another country which is their main residence. Thus dual citizenship would make the tax liability more complicated. Comparison: Effects of renouncing US citizenship to establishing dual citizenship The effect on tax liability of the income earned by the people having US citizenship could be compared to the people having dual citizenship. The act of renouncing the US citizenship is a much more acceptable option as the people would not be required to pay taxes for more than once for only one income. By giving up the US citizenship, the people would not be required to pay taxes on their worldwide income. They would only be required to pay taxes to the host government for the income that they have earned on their land. The renouncing of US citizenship, however, involves a one time cost as the US citizens should complete a US tax return for five years. There are also legal costs involved for the process of immigration. On the other hand, dual citizenship would make the tax liability much more complicate d (CCH Incorporated, 2007). The citizen would have to pay income taxes to the US government irrespective of where they have earned their income. The sale of properties in the country of residence would require the citizens to pay capital gains tax to the US government. Apart from this, the citizen would also require to pay taxes to the host government for the income earned in the host country which is their actual residence. Thus from the perspective of reduction of tax liability, dual citizenship would be more complicated as compared to renouncing of US citizenship. Decision on renouncing citizenship versus dual citizenship From an individual perspective, renouncing US citizenship would be much easier as compared to taking up dual citizenship. From the view point of reduction of t

Cost management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cost management - Essay Example ent even the best marketing brains from boosting sales, the only option available to even the most adventurous management is to reduce costs to maintain the existing profit level. At a cursory glance it seems to be the only and might be the most prudent approach that any management might conceive. But ill conceived cost reduction triggered as a panic reaction to the gloomy market scenario might cause more harm to the company than any good as expenditures that are absolutely imperative for the company’s health might be sacrificed in this new avalanche of trimming down of expenses. The role of the management accountant as a custodian of entire database of the company has thus assumed a critical importance as the management accountant occupies a vantage position from where a critical and dispassionate evaluation of exiting cost structure and a prudent management of costs, as contrasted to cost reduction, can be implemented. There has thus been a phenomenal, and largely unnoticed, shift in the role of management accountant in managing a business. But this change can be properly appreciated only if one examines the basic nature of accounting and the inherent differences that exist between financial, management and cost accounting. This knowledge will equip an avid observer the wherewithal to adequately appreciate the subtle difference between cost and management accounting and cost management. The basic objective of accounting is interpretation of financial data to provide a sound basis for action by management, investors and other stockholders in the entire commercial venture. (Paton 1949) Thus, from a means-end perspective the end is an expected cache of sound and economically relevant information and the means adopted can best be referred to as descriptions. From a more practical aspect it can therefore be said that accounting provides information for two distinct but inextricably interlinked purposes; the first one quite obviously consists of reporting to

Issue or crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issue or crisis - Essay Example In fact, analysts such as Essen (2008) consider it a complete failure of the economic system to check and control the investments made by banks that are supposed to be under government regulations. The finance sector is one of the heaviest regulated sectors of the economy yet the present situation has come to a point where investors and finance gurus are calling it the â€Å"worst financial crisis since the Great Depression (Essen, 2008, Pg. 1)†. Of course the full impact of the crisis may only be understood years after the crisis is over but for the moment it is obvious that the basic cause of the crisis was the high risk action of many different banks who loaned out huge amounts of cash to borrowers without the proper risk scrutiny required. In particular, subprime mortgage lending which was done by American banks in recent times made them focus on short term profits, quarterly sales figures and short sighted goals rather than stable business practices that could have given them real returns (Essen, 2008). To fully understand the current crisis, the background must be examined and that shows a story of greed and what is called by Clendenning (2008) as the casino mentality of American banks. During a time of economic health, housing sellers and mortgage brokers suggested and recommended to buyers that they get into mortgages which required little or no cash towards a down payment. Further, these mortgages and loans were given out without a proper examination of the credit risks associated with the loans. Instead of reducing the risks undertaken by banks, these measures only served to expose them more. The crisis might have been minimized had the banks stopped there but the same debts were sold, traded and bartered as high risk investments to several international investors with the expectations of high returns. However, the high returns did not come and the banks

The main characteristics and structure of the Acts of the Apostles Essay Example for Free

The main characteristics and structure of the Acts of the Apostles Essay Outline your knowledge and understanding of the main characteristics and structure of the Acts of the Apostles [35] The Acts of the Apostles is the fifth book of the New Testament which outlines the events of Apostolic Age of Christianity. Within the book, there is a definite structure behind it with reoccurring and consistent themes and characteristics that continually appearing throughout it. In terms of the structure of the book, there are three consistent themes which consistently appear and develop throughout Acts as the Apostles progress through the journey. The themes I refer to are geographical, biographical and theological. The geographical theme is first made evident by Jesuss final command before he ascended into heaven, in 1:8 of Acts. Jesus said you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. The book of Acts then proceeds to tell the story, where the events fulfil this prophecy and the actual book could be divided into sections based on what Jesus said. From the start of the book until chapter 6, the Apostles are situated in Jerusalem and from then to chapter 12 is the story of how the Apostles fled Jerusalem and went out to Judea and Samaria. From Chapter 12 onwards chronicles the missionary journeys and the road to Rome, which was considered by many to be the ends of the earth at the time. The biographical theme is one that has caused many of scholars to dispute the title of the book, for although the book is titled Acts of the Apostles, the book mainly centres around two figures. The first figure would be Peter, one of the original twelve and a Jewish convert whom represented the traditional early Christians who maintained their Jewish traits. The first part of Acts focused on him and his leadership in getting the Church started up. The other figure would be Paul, a former member of the Sanhedrin who persecuted the Church before being converted and becoming a missionary spreading the message to the Gentiles throughout Asia, Europe and to Rome. The theological theme is shown through the spread of the message and the expansion of the Church to include the Gentiles and how such a move caused such controversy and concern amongst the early Christians. In the book, Luke ensures to include all details which state that Gentiles should be allowed to convert so as to solve the problem, for even if the speeches included in the book were not successful, the content was of importance, and thus view is upheld by scholars such as Fernando. Also in Acts are a number of characteristics that are ever-present in most, if not all stories within the book. The Holy Spirit, baptism, opposition, universalism, miracles and prayer, it is generally agreed by scholars and can be seen by most, that these features are often integrated somehow into the stories. The Holy Spirit is the most common reoccurring characteristic present in the book of Acts, and also one that is existent in Lukes Gospel and shows the connection between his Gospel and Acts. As said by the scholar Guthrie, God is seen to be active in the early Church through the Spirits power. The Holy Spirit was a promised gift from Jesus and is shown to have much effect when it came into ones life. On Pentecost, the spirit is shown to have changed the Apostles from being scared and in hiding, to being open and speaking out proudly of their religion, particularly Peter, who became a fearless and insightful leader. It also changed Paul from being one of the persecutors to being one of the persecuted. The general message is that if one accepts the message with enthusiasm, the spirit would change their life, with an example of this being the Crippled Beggar as well. Another common characteristic of the book is the sacrament of Baptism, as Luke commonly writes that baptism is necessary in order to become a part of the Church, for it is not only symbolic of a change of heart or the washing away of old sins and such, it is supposed to give way for a new life where the Holy Spirit actually lives within a person. This is made clear by Paul when he was in Ephesus in chapter 19. Opposition is something which also comes up often in the book of Acts, more often than not actually. From Jesus time, to the actual beginnings of the Church and all the way to when Paul was in Rome, the Christians were facing persecution from others, namely the Jews. The Sanhedrin arrested numerous Christians and even stoned Stephen to death and Paul is rejected by the Jews in just about every town he enters on his missionary journeys. Despite their numerous attempts to spread the message to everyone, including the Jews whom Paul always visited first upon entering a town, they continued to shoot it down and reject them. And that idea of Christians attempting to spread the message to all leads us to the next characteristic and that is, universalism. This is first raised in 1:8 of Acts, as it is said that the message should be spread to all people everywhere, and begins to happen after the Diaspora of the early Christians after Stephens death. Philip is the first to break boundaries as he converts Samaritans (essentially a sect of Judaism) and talks to an Ethiopian, however Peter officially accepts the Gentiles into the Church, beginning with Cornelius. Also, Paul is told in a vision to be the one who preached and spread the message to the Gentiles specifically. Another characteristic which is present throughout the book is the act of Miracles, which as CS Lewis said are what God writes across the sky in capital letters what he usually writes in small letters everyday. The point behind them is to make valid the claims that Jesus is indeed the Lord and that his power and presence is still very much alive. An example of a miracle is how Peter healed the crippled beggar, enabling him to jump up and run about. And the final characteristic of Acts is the importance of prayer in Christianity. Luke uses prayer to emphasise the community aspect of the religion and encourages others to worship in numbers as prayer gives people time to give praise to God, whilst also bringing about fellowship and equality especially after the division between Jewish and Gentile converts. Paul was seen to have prayed often, such as when he was imprisoned and he prayed and sang hymns which lead to divine intervention as he escaped from the prison. Overall, one can see that there are many characteristics that the book is based around and that there is a definite structure which really builds up the story.

Political Representation in Everyday Life: Feminism

Political Representation in Everyday Life: Feminism Expanding upon Pitkins Concept of Representation in Everyday Life:  Feminist Politics and the Feminist Movement in United States History Background The notion of â€Å"political representation† is one that is misleadingly simple. In viewing this type of representation, it is clear that many people, including scholars, fail to come to an agreement as to a particular definition. Political representation seems to occur when political actors: speak, advocate, symbolize, and act on the behalf of others in the political arena, offering individuals a type of political assistance which they would otherwise lack.[1] However, much research notes that this understanding is not as straightforward as it may seem at first glance. Rather, it leaves the concept of political representation underspecified with â€Å"multiple dimensions competing† with on another.[2] In attempting to close the gap on this overarching definition, Hanna Pitkin offers a comprehensive discussion of the concept of political representation in her work: The Concept of Representation. Pitkin established four distinct theories of representation: formalistic representation, including authorization and accountability; symbolic representation; descriptive representation; and substantive representation. [3] One can begin to view real-life historical examples under the lens of Pitkins theory in order to see if these examples fit into Pitkins overall view. One example that seems to fit Pitkins theoretical model is that of feminism and the ongoing feminist political movement in the United States. But, in viewing Pitkins theories, it becomes clear that Pitkin is vague in certain areas. In viewing certain accounts by researchers on the topic of feminism, it appears that Pitkin doesnt bring her definitions together in the manner that is necessary. Rather, it appears that feminists who cite Pitkin in their assertions, find her to lack the real descriptive representation that feminism requires in the realm of U.S. politics. Political Representation in Everyday Life: Feminism Pitkins four types of representation, formalistic representation, including authorized, deals with a situation in which a representative is legally empowered to act for another. Symbolic representation, occurs when a leader stands for national ideas. Descriptive representation occurs in situations when the representative stands for a group by virtue of sharing similar characteristics such as race, sex ethnicity or residence. And, substantive representation takes place in situations when the representative seeks to advance a groups policy preferences and interests. [4] In understanding this theoretical basis in terms of the feminist movement throughout United States history, one can see that until fairly recently, â€Å"the assumed political actors, both represented and representative† were male.[5] And, at the core of feminism is the issue of representation itself. As seen in the aforementioned notion, feminism from an historical standpoint has always involved the â€Å"prope r representation of women,† and postmodernism itself tends to question this agenda, questioning â€Å"the very identity of womanhood itself† in its wake. [6] As such, the starting place for a discussion regarding feminist engagement within the realm of political representation can be dated back to Pitkins theories, as Celis and Childs claim that for Pitkin, the â€Å"crucial dividing line in forms of representation is the distinction between standing for and acting for representation. Pitkins argument is seen in feminist involvement in politics in the U.S., as only recently in U.S. history, have women been able to both stand for and act for themselves.† [7] Celis and Childs note: â€Å"Many feminist scholars emphasize a relationship, albeit half-fastened, between the descriptive and the substantive component of representation; being female – or standing for – is conceived as an enabling condition for the substantive representation of women – or acting for. Thus, the argument here is simple: women, when present in politics, are more likely to act for women than men. Crucially, though, this is not a guarantee that they will. Moreover, this relationship is underpinned not by sex, but by gender – womens shared experiences.†[8] As such, the idea of being a women equates to standing for women and more generally pushing for the representation of women within a larger group equates with acting for women, and this notion of the quest for extended feminism in the U.S. fits into the model that Pitkin has set forth in terms of representation. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that for Pitkin, disagreements about representation can be â€Å"partially reconciled by clarifying which view of representation is being invoked (formalistic, descriptive, symbolic and substantive), as each view provides a clearly distinctive view for examining representation. [9] In citing Pitkins theories in the realm of feminism, i.e. establishing citizenship for women and giving women the vote, the public has sought to establish a means of political representation that allows the people to decide, by establishing â€Å"fair procedures for reconciling conflicts, which provides democratic citizens one way to settle conflicts and issues about the proper behavior of their representatives.†[10] The U.S., as a nation, fueled by the will of its citizens, advanced the feminist movement by allowing women to achieve a status equal to their male counterparts. In many ways, the feminist movement in the U.S. falls in line with Pitkins overarching theory, making it easy to understand and apply, thus allowing her theories to be utilized by people whom they govern – women in particular. And, in this capacity, the notion of â€Å"acting upon† comes directly into play when viewing the female population in the U.S. and their historical fight for equality. Pitkin notes that a representative democracy, which is used in the United States, is based upon the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, and the two models that are often used to describe representative democracy are the â€Å"trustee model† and the â€Å"delegate model,† which are both present in Pitkins democracy. [11] The trustee model allows representatives â€Å"greater autonomy,† permitting them to make the decisions â€Å"actually going against the interests of their constituents,† other than the delegate model, which â⠂¬Å"requires representatives act as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency.†[12] And, as these two models clearly place contradictory demands upon elected officials and political representatives, the journey to change the way representatives act upon and for the substantive representation of women has been a rocky one. Additionally, there is much to learn from the example of feminism as it relates to Pitkins definition of political representation, especially in terms of what Pitkins definitions leave out. Pitkin argues that formalistic (emphasizing institutions that facilitate representation – namely the rules that govern how representatives make decisions on behalf of others) and substantive (which includes all of the ways in which representatives â€Å"act for† or on behalf of the represented) representation are the most significant types, believing that a representatives identity is only relevant when it is related to his or her actions, noting: â€Å"A representative must first of all be capable of effective action, otherwise he or she is no representative at all.†[13] However, Childs and Lovenduski note: â€Å"The relative importance, indeed the practical applications and interactions of two of Pitkin’s concepts of substantive and formalistic have come under close feminist scrutiny. There is relatively little feminist scholarship, theoretical or empirical, on authorized representation. Conceptual, and to a lesser extent, empirical research on symbolic representation is also somewhat limited. For Pitkin, symbols are often arbitrary with no resemblance to the represented. Assessing the adequacy of symbolic representation relies on whether the representative is believed in, a criterion Pitkin found wanting. For feminists the notion that women are symbolically represented when they believe they are, even if all the representatives are men, is intuitively unsatisfactory.†[14] Additionally, as the feminist movement â€Å"vehemently argues for the importance of adding the who to the liberal notion of democracy, often criticizing the how, many have sought to genderize Pitkins categories in an attempt to connect the who to the what to the how and the where or representation.†[15] As such, there is a myriad of research which seeks to stretch Pitkins theories in order to better define them in the realm of womens substantive representation and the enhancement of the feminist movement. As many of the definitions of â€Å"womens substantive representation† seem to revolve around being a â€Å"representative of women† as well as a pillar of â€Å"womens interests† or working â€Å"on behalf of women,† studies that use the term â€Å"womens substantive representation† often take as their point of departure, Pitkins concept of â€Å"representing as acting for . . . in the interest of.†[16] This concept was developed in Pitkins text as â€Å"one of four different concepts of representation,† but many argue today that Pitkin never fully explained how these four different views of representation fit together, and as such, the question has become â€Å"central to the study of gender and politics today.† [17] Conclusion As seen, while Hanna Pitkins concepts of representation are applicable in viewing the history of feminism and the rights of women in the United States, there are certain facets of these concepts which must be adjusted in order to define the representation of women in the most accurate way and make Pitkins assertions less vague. In viewing Pitkins theories in relation to feminism and the feminist movement within the United States, it becomes clear that Pitkin is vague in certain areas. In viewing the aforementioned accounts by researchers on the topic of feminism, it appears that Pitkin doesnt bring her definitions together in the manner that is necessary. Rather, it appears that feminists who cite Pitkin in their assertions, find her to lack the real descriptive representation that feminism requires in the realm of U.S. politics. The question that arises then is how Pitkins notion of representation can be adjusted in order to provide women with the descriptive representation necessary. As with any definition comes certain limitation and questions that surround the finite nature of a term. This is applicable in viewing Pitkins theories in relation to feminism. References Celis, Karen and Childs, Sarah. â€Å"The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.† Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 61. March 2008. 419-425. Childs, Sarah and Joni Lovenduski. â€Å"Political Representation.† 2012. In Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna and Weldon, Laurel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Escobar-Lemmon, Maria and Michelle Taylor-Robinson. Representation: The Case of Women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2014. Print. Lovenduski, Joni, ed. State feminism and political representation. Vol. 315(1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Political Representation.† Stanford University. January 2, 2006. Web. Retrieved from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/political-representation/#PitFouVieRep on 4 March 2015. Tisosky, Chelsea. â€Å"Is a Womans Place in the House? An Analysis of Shared Gender and Political Representation.† Cornell University Department of Policy Analysis and Management. May 7, 2014. 15. Web. Retrieved from: https://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/ 1813/36336/2/tisosky_thesis.pdf on 4 March 2015. [1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Political Representation.† Stanford University. January 2, 2006. Web. 1. [2] Ibid. at p. 1 [3] Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. [4] Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. [5] Childs, Sarah and Joni Lovenduski. â€Å"Political Representation.† 2012. Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna and Weldon, Laurel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. [6] Lovenduski, Joni, ed. State feminism and political representation. Vol. 315. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. [7] Celis, Karen and Childs, Sarah. â€Å"The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.† Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 61. March 2008. 419-425. [8] Celis, Karen and Childs, Sarah. â€Å"The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.† Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 61. March 2008. 419-425. [9] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. â€Å"Political Representation.† Stanford University. January 2, 2006. Web. 1. [10]Ibd. at p. 1 [11] Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. 67. [12]Tisosky, Chelsea. â€Å"Is a Womans Place in the House? An Analysis of Shared Gender and Political Representation.† Cornell University Department of Policy Analysis and Management. May 7, 2014. 15. [13]Pitkin, Hanna. The Concept of Representation. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1972. 67. [14]Childs, Sarah and Joni Lovenduski. â€Å"Political Representation.† 2012. Waylen, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna and Weldon, Laurel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. [15]Escobar-Lemmon, Maria and Michelle Taylor-Robinson. Representation: The Case of Women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2014. Print. 62. [16]Ibid. at p. 62 [17]Ibid. at p. 62