An Argument for Civil Disobedience

An Argument for Civil Disobedience Are acts of civil disobedience ever appropriate? According to American history, acts of disobedience in the face of tyranny are not only appropriate but expected. The very fabric of this nation was shaped by acts of civil disobedience and rebellion. Human morality is not always defined by governmental regulations and when those regulations are in direct defiance of morality, it is the people’s obligation to stand with their beliefs and change the government.The United States of America as we know it was created by acts of disobedience. Thoreau states â€Å"the character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished†. Our own founding fathers embodied the principles of disobedience by rebelling against the tyranny of England by writing the Declaration of Independence because their morality conflicted with English governmental policies. Even colonists, refusing to be over taxed on imports, were responsible for t he Boston Tea Party.The freedom we enjoy today was the direct result of disobedience. The government created by our founding fathers was not immune to its own conflict with moral conscience leading to disobedience and rebellion. For example, the civil rights movement of the 1960’s was fueled by acts of civil disobedience. When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat, her passive defiance personified civil disobedience. In the minds of civil rights leaders, the Jim Crow laws which defined segregation were inappropriate. They believed skin color did not define human worth.Civil rights activists actively defied the government, changing policies, and earning equal rights for all races. Our current presidential administration is not immune to defiance. In the passage â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Thoreau summarizes that elected officials can pervert the concepts of government and its power to satisfy personal agendas. The Obama administration and its efforts toward gun control have spurred a new generation of disobedient citizens across the nation. Ordinarily law abiding citizens are purchasing guns and ammunition at an alarming rate and are daring the government to take them away.Americans even use social media, such as Facebook, to challenge the disarming of its citizens. Law enforcement officials are writing statements vowing to disallow federal officials to confiscate the guns our president is trying to ban. If our past dictates our future, the people will prevail and President Obama will fail. The spirit of the American people is by definition, disobedient. Our conscience refuses to allow government to abuse its citizens physically, mentally, or financially. â€Å"The government is best which governs not at all. † -Henry David Thoreau

Silent Movies (Summary)

SILENT MOVIES Talk to people who saw films for the first time when they were silent, and they will tell you the experience was magic. The silent film, with music, had extraordinary powers to draw an audience into the story, and an equally potent capacity to make their imagination work. They had to supply the voices and the sound effects, and because their minds were engaged, they appreciated the experience all the more. The audience was the final creative contributor to the process of making a film. The films have gained a charm and other worldliness with age but, inevitably, they have also lost something.The impression they made when there was no rival to the moving picture was more profound, more intense; compared to the easily accessible pictures of today, it was the blow of a two-handed axe, against the blunt scraping of a tableknife. The silent period may be known as â€Å"The Age of Innocence† but it included years unrivalled for their dedicated viciousness. In Europe, b etween 1914 and 1918 more men were killed to less purpose than at any other time in history. In publications of the time, one reads horrified reactions against films showing â€Å"life as it is†.You did not leave the problems at home mere1? to encounter them again at the movies. You paid your money initially, for forgetfulness. Gradually movie-going altered from relaxation to ritual. In the big cities, you went to massive picture palaces, floating through incense-laden air to the strains of organ music, to worship at the Cathedral of Light. You paid homage to your favourite star; you dutifully communed with the fan magazines. You wore the clothes they wore in the movies; you bought the furniture you saw on the screen.You joined a congregation composed of every strata of society. And you shared your adulation with Shanghai, Sydney and Santiago. For your favourite pastime had become the most powerful cultural influence in the world — exceeding even that of the Press. The silent film was not only a vigorous popular art; it was a universal language — Esperanto for the eyes. Although the genre of silent movie faded it the 30’s it left us plenty of short and feature-length comedies created by four greatest silent screen actors: Charles Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, Buster Keaton and Harry Langdon.The most beloved of the four, the most appreciated by critics, Charles Chaplin, was the first to win general acclaim. Chaplin was a master of pantomime. His virtuoso improvisations quickly attracted the attention of American film-makers. At first he turned down all offers but in 1913 he finally joined Mack Sennet's film company. His success with the public was truly unique. This fact opened great opportunities for him to start his own business. He showed rare versatility in acting as the producer-director-script-writer-musician-leading actor of his own comedies.His most famous films are â€Å"The Kid†, â€Å"The Gold Rush†, â€Å"The Circ us† ,†City Lights†, â€Å"Modern Times†. Harold Lloyd and Buster Keaton’s contribution to the genre has been profound as well. Both comedians used story material of a young American trying to be successful as a man, in his love and in his business. Though they were both gifted and original actors and they could match Chaplin in his skill it took them longer to receive recognition that could compete with Chaplin's fame.However by the early 1920's both Lloyd and Keaton were already well-known to the public and could start producing feature films, which meant that they were very successful at the box-office. The fourth actor, Harry Langdon, was noted for his man-child portrait that made him different from the other major comedians of his time. The four great comedians created a great comic tradition that was carried on with the sound age. They have given us masterpieces that will never fade, and they will influence the film comedies yet to be born. Silent Movies (Summary) SILENT MOVIES Talk to people who saw films for the first time when they were silent, and they will tell you the experience was magic. The silent film, with music, had extraordinary powers to draw an audience into the story, and an equally potent capacity to make their imagination work. They had to supply the voices and the sound effects, and because their minds were engaged, they appreciated the experience all the more. The audience was the final creative contributor to the process of making a film. The films have gained a charm and other worldliness with age but, inevitably, they have also lost something.The impression they made when there was no rival to the moving picture was more profound, more intense; compared to the easily accessible pictures of today, it was the blow of a two-handed axe, against the blunt scraping of a tableknife. The silent period may be known as â€Å"The Age of Innocence† but it included years unrivalled for their dedicated viciousness. In Europe, b etween 1914 and 1918 more men were killed to less purpose than at any other time in history. In publications of the time, one reads horrified reactions against films showing â€Å"life as it is†.You did not leave the problems at home mere1? to encounter them again at the movies. You paid your money initially, for forgetfulness. Gradually movie-going altered from relaxation to ritual. In the big cities, you went to massive picture palaces, floating through incense-laden air to the strains of organ music, to worship at the Cathedral of Light. You paid homage to your favourite star; you dutifully communed with the fan magazines. You wore the clothes they wore in the movies; you bought the furniture you saw on the screen.You joined a congregation composed of every strata of society. And you shared your adulation with Shanghai, Sydney and Santiago. For your favourite pastime had become the most powerful cultural influence in the world — exceeding even that of the Press. The silent film was not only a vigorous popular art; it was a universal language — Esperanto for the eyes. Although the genre of silent movie faded it the 30’s it left us plenty of short and feature-length comedies created by four greatest silent screen actors: Charles Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, Buster Keaton and Harry Langdon.The most beloved of the four, the most appreciated by critics, Charles Chaplin, was the first to win general acclaim. Chaplin was a master of pantomime. His virtuoso improvisations quickly attracted the attention of American film-makers. At first he turned down all offers but in 1913 he finally joined Mack Sennet's film company. His success with the public was truly unique. This fact opened great opportunities for him to start his own business. He showed rare versatility in acting as the producer-director-script-writer-musician-leading actor of his own comedies.His most famous films are â€Å"The Kid†, â€Å"The Gold Rush†, â€Å"The Circ us† ,†City Lights†, â€Å"Modern Times†. Harold Lloyd and Buster Keaton’s contribution to the genre has been profound as well. Both comedians used story material of a young American trying to be successful as a man, in his love and in his business. Though they were both gifted and original actors and they could match Chaplin in his skill it took them longer to receive recognition that could compete with Chaplin's fame.However by the early 1920's both Lloyd and Keaton were already well-known to the public and could start producing feature films, which meant that they were very successful at the box-office. The fourth actor, Harry Langdon, was noted for his man-child portrait that made him different from the other major comedians of his time. The four great comedians created a great comic tradition that was carried on with the sound age. They have given us masterpieces that will never fade, and they will influence the film comedies yet to be born.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralisation of decision making is the process of involving different people in an organization in making key changes whether these changes are policy based or otherwise, different levels of management are involved and their expertise and opinion is sought before any changes are enacted. There are 2 key decisions making methods in an organisation, namely centralized and decentralized, In the latter, only the top management is involved in making key changes and decisions which affect the whole organization. This system is advantageous in that, it is faster, reliable and less tasking. While it is still used in majority of organizaions, most organizations are shifting to the decentralised method and therefore are involving different levels of management in the decision making process. This system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations. This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central decision making authority within a short period of time is out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover and their fore lack of key management staff through sackings or retires or any other natural attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless. Thirdly, decentralised decision making process is ideal whereby, key decisions are being made at departmental levels such as in production department. Empowering departmental heads to make key decisions perhaps pertaining to the purchasing of crucial ingredients as well as other technical areas may require a decentralised decision making model. PAGE 2: Organisational culture can present difficulties for management initiated change programmes? Discuss Organisational culture refers to the employee – employer relations which shape how the two parties interact and intermingle at the work place. Also, organisational culture can be shaped by, employee backgrounds, external factors as well as the level of support accorded to the employees by the organization staff. Usually there are two common types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, and mutual understanding. In such an environment, any changes coming from the management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as long as the staff who are tasked with project implementing do not question anything in terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure. On the other hand an organization culture which is negative leads to customers shunning away so that, any well meant programmes will be fail to take off since, negative publicity which the employees can advance in the process of interacting with the different stake holders also does have a bearing on the outcome of the projects. Lastly, organizational culture determines output in workers in that, a negative attitude amongst employees is more likely to lead to low output in that, it is highly correlated with low morale and therefore productivity. PAGE 3: Discuss why managerial authority is so important to our understanding of organisations and how this power has to be legitimised not just by individual workers but by the organisations culture. Failure to appreciate managerial authority stems form a negative culture which in stead of pestering a mutual understanding between workers and employers causes tensions and misunderstandings in an organization. Usually, for the organisation to meet its goals and objectives the management has to execute its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management. This involves carrying out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a need for decision makers while allocating managers duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively. To achieve the above, management should work towards having and inculcating in the organization, the right culture. This can be achieved (if it is lacking), through the launching of strategic plans which could incorporate vision and mission statements, core values of the organization as well as the social responsibility statement of the organization. All the above are necessary in ensuring that, the organization functions in the right environment whereby the needs of all members in the organization are taken care of and employees feel free and as a part of the organization. This in turn result into a culture of unity and strength.

What do managers do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What do managers do - Essay Example They have many duties and some can be detailed as below. For a company to be successful, the manager needs to set many goals and objective which it needs to achieve during a period of time. Setting objectives is an important duty of a manager. From the top level management to the lower level management setting objectives is an important task of manager. It is not a simple task and need lot of thinking, analysis, experience of business and knowledge. The objective is set to describe the desired outcome of a business activity. A manager as a part of setting objective outlines the goals and tasks to his subordinates. The objectives need to be set after considering many factors related to business. A manager need to consider the resources, capital and manpower of the company to set objective. As per Riley( 2012) â€Å"A popular way to look at objectives is to see them as part of a hierarchy of forward-looking terms which help set and shape the strategy of a business†. Organizing the business activities of a company is a significant part of manager’s job. The manager divides the activities in to manageable manner and selects people which suit each task. A manager must make efficient use to time to achieve goals as per set objective. In order to organize activities, the manager has to plan in ahead of time. Breaking down major task in to smaller activities and assigning them to right employees organizes the work of a business. As per Matista( 2013) â€Å"While getting organized requires some diligence, your company will benefit significantly in the long run†. A manager has the responsibility of motivating his employees. Employees need motivation and encouragement from time to time and it is the duty of the manager to do so. Manager can motivate an employee in many ways like promotions; increase in salary and by awarding certificates. According to Alexander (2013) â€Å"One of the best ways to lay the groundwork for future motivation is to acknowledge

The challenge of managing diverse teams Assignment - 1

The challenge of managing diverse teams - Assignment Example In an argument by Robbins et.al (2011) a diverse team creates an advantage in an organization since numerous task can be completed by different team members without the requirement of incurring training costs. For instance, my industry has a massive customer care department which requires interaction with different cultured consumers. Having team members communicating in different languages naturally increases the efficiency of the customer care approaches. Another advantage is that a leader can effectively carry out division of labour and specialization based on the strengths of the employees (Robbins et.al, 2011). In addition, this is done without creating requirements from employees that may be beyond their expertise and skills. A major disadvantage of diverse teams is that the leader would be massively tasked in understanding the specific needs of each team member. Additionally, barriers to effective team management would be not be able to be addressed in a general manner making the leadership position more challenging. Diverse teams also create the requirement to alter an organization culture to suit a wide range of personalities as a human resource appraisal technique (Harvard Business Press, 2013). For instance, people from different cultures in my industry may require different workplace specifications for them to perform tasks as required. Satisfying individual needs is a difficult requirement. The ability to bring together people from different backgrounds, disciplines, cultures, and generations and leverage all they have to offer, therefore, is a must-have for leaders (Ibarra & Hansen 2011). From the argument, it is evident that the ability to manage diverse teams is an important leadership requirement. The same argument is supported by Mullins (2010) who points out that the failure to effectively manage diverse teams is a failure on the part of the leader considering that the impact of the failure directly affects the input of the

ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY - Essay Example Such a long experience of many generations has given this system the depth no legal systems in the world can match. The process of going through ages of human civilization has evolved this system in such a way that it not only meets the legal standards of practicability but also the human side of it. British legal system is consistent with the thinking of its citizens. Traditions and conventions are at the heart of it making the law and the folk wisdom compatible with each other. This traditional approach has given rise to certain inherent principles of British legal system e.g. the doctrine of rule of law, independence of judiciary and habeas corpus. These principles –just like the legal system itself- have evolved over a period of centuries and form the basis of British system of Justice. The fact that most of the modern day world has also benefited from the British common law principles, make these traditional laws a sound base for many universally accepted rules now. In the below discussion we will look at some of these principles in detail. We will highlight their evolution, their importance in the development of legal system and their implications in the modern age. We will also see how the tradition side of these rules still reflects itself in the developed laws. Habeas Corpus is a Latin word which means ‘you shall have the body’. In legal sense it represents a method through which any person can claim relief against unlawful attest or detention from any other person or even the legal system itself. In other words, it is a system through which the court can order to bring a detained person so that it may be ascertained whether he was detained lawfully or not. The petition of Habeas Corpus can be brought by the person himself or if he is unable to seek such remedy because of being in detention, then by any other person. Habeas Corpus is originally an English concept which originated in the early

The star of David Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The star of David - Essay Example The first historical evidence of Star of David is referred to the third century A.D. and it was found on the tombstone in Italian city of Taranto. In literature it's not mentioned until the twelfth century A.D. and it was first found only in the Eshkol ha-Kofer of the Karaite Judah Hadassah (12th century literary Hebrew piece): Hebrew historians note that the Star of David appeared on Jewish amulets approximately in the twelfth century. It was signed on amulets on the hand with other symbols such as pentagrams, stars, the name of god in Hebrew, etc. Nevertheless it's very interesting and probably strange that pentagram, not the hexagram (the Star of David) was mostly spread in magic symbols and attributes of Jewish cult. Scientists and archeologists are not even sure if the Star of David had any similar origins in any culture of ancient Mediterranean: Hellenic or Coptic. Some of historians assume that it might be primary used by Jewish sect of Kabbalah which adopted hexagram from Templars. Jewish sect of kabala uses David star as amulets placing it in glass spheres or using it simply as an amulet and sigh. The spread of usage of Star of david begins in the 14th century in Jewsih communities of Europe. It's a well-known fact that the Star of david was used as decoration on Tanakh of Rabi Rabbi Yoseph bar Yehud ben Marvas from Toledo, Spain. The function of Star of David in synagogues was to carry protective magic powers against evil. It also becomes the element of architectural ensemble in synagogues. Hexagrams are found in ornaments of cathedrals in Brandenburg and Stendhal, but it's interesting that in the ancient Jewish temple of Tell Hum it's not present and pentagram is present on its walls instead. It's a historical fact that the Czech king of bohemia Charles IV issued the red flag with Shield of David to Juwish community of Prague in 1354. But Jews of Hungary had a red flag with pentacles. So it would be inaccurate to talk about hexagram as the symbol of Judaism and Jews back then. Moreover the majority of people in Middle Ages associated Jews with menorah rather than with another symbol of their identity. The choice of hexagram according to modern rabbis was not sudden, as Bible scriptures have enough evidence that salvation will be associated with star. No wonder that geometric figure close to star was chosen for the role now played by the Star of David. As it was mentioned above Torah tells that, the Messiah, will have association with star, symbolizing coming new era. And according to Old Testament Balaam had foretold the coming salvation of the people of Israel n following scriptures: "I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near; A star (Heb. Cochav) shall come forth from Jacob, and a scepter shall rise from Israel, and shall crush through the forehead of Moab, and tear down all the sons of Sheth. Numbers 24:17" (from Kasdan, Barney THE STAR OF DAVID http://www.kehilatariel.org/tract002.html) As for the meaning of the Star of David it's different for Judaists and for those who observe the cult of Kabala. Rabi describe its meaning as the symbol of unity with god: "In

A good man is hard to find By Flannery O' Connor Essay

A good man is hard to find By Flannery O' Connor - Essay Example Here the Grandmother is shown to be very manipulative and even in the journey manipulates her son to divert to Tennessee instead of Florida. On the way to Florida the grandmother describes about a person called misfit, who have been a serial killer and spending time in imprisonment. She during her talk also quotes that it is very hard to find a good man these days. The most interesting fact about Grandmother is that even though she looks good Christian from outside her honesty to religion is very weak. As the journey progress to Florida, grandma and her family meets with Misfit and his accomplice and confronts death threat. On meeting the misfit with weapon, Grandma try to influence misfit by taking him as son but unfortunately the whole family get killed by the convicts. Here the Grandma thinks that she is very religious and misfit instead is ignorant and irreligious. The grandma tries to save herself by telling misfit that she considers him as her son. .However she gets killed from the hands of misfit who take the lady as opportunistic â€Å"We would normally expect that a grandmother should represent goodness while a serial killer should represent evil. O’Connor, however, seems to hold precisely the reverse in this case†(Bernardo).

Franz Kavka, Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Franz Kavka, - Term Paper Example Kafka, despite reverberating in all his greatness, was always consumed by the fact that death was absolute and approaching him almost all the time. He soon became obsessed with the fact and put forth a number of statements with respect to killing Jews all around him. In one of the articles chosen, it has been mentioned that, â€Å"Sometimes I'd like to stuff all Jews (myself included) into a drawer of a laundry basket-then open it to see if they've suffocated.† (Karra) Even in his works, for example in Metamorphosis, he talks about the emotional death that every man must face during the course of his lifetime. He also tries to show that it is not necessarily a bad thing; and that it is the doom that must fall upon all of mankind eventually. He tries to portray that a person can avoid and be free from death if he is crazy enough to commit suicide. He was sick of society, and on a different level, a little scared as well. This was because he was afraid to publish his works publi cly and have them read and criticized by other people around him. Kafka spent a great amount of time trying to improve the image that he had created for himself around the people he lived with. He was also a hypochondriac, leading him to his infatuation with death subsequently. He feared losing himself in something he did not want to. He thus feared death as much as he welcomed it. Even though he resented Jews and openly wrote and talked about killing them and doing away with all of them including him, he did not foresee the Holocaust which took place soon after his death. The Holocaust had perhaps taken base on his ideas, who knows, because Kafka talked about suffocating Jews and that is exactly what happened in the gas chambers of the concentration and extermination camps set up by Hitler. In Metamorphosis however, Kafka has presented a completely different version of his character Gregor from that of himself. He writes that Gregor is a very socially acceptable man and is trying t o make his own way in life and society. As Gregor is transformed into an insect, or his metamorphosis begins, he begins to see how no one is ready to take him for who he is. An insect is an unwanted bug by everyone, and soon he is kicked out of his own home by his parents and nobody within the society is willing to accept him for who he might be. No one can hear him or understand what he was trying to say either. Much the same way, according to Marx, â€Å"In small numbers, an animal so defenceless as evolving man might struggle along even in conditions of isolation.† Due to this, Gregor dies out of loneliness and isolation as he is not able to survive anymore, and this death is his pathway to freedom and liberation from the clutches and shackles of society that had bound him to surviving according to the needs and desires of other people. (Kafka, Franz) The concept of hunger artists have also been explained in this book as an artist who has been fasting during the time that he has been looking out for people who are interested in his work of art. Soon however, he dies because no one wills to show any interest, and the artist is forced to retreat back to his cage and suffer alone there. Kafka was an absurd man who never enjoyed what he really wrote himself.

Banning Catcher in the Rye Essay Example for Free

Banning Catcher in the Rye Essay The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger should not be banned in schools based solely on the fact that it is a controversial book that uses harsh language and sexual references. This book is J. D. Salinger’s freedom of speech, and it is a violation of the first amendment for schools to ban this book. This book is only offering an inside look into what teenagers go through in some point of their lives. According to the Los Angeles Times, The Catcher in the Rye’s, â€Å"†¦ profanity and sexual references drew scandalized reactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rotella 18). Although this book has many sexual references, it is not in any way as explicit and as bad as what teenagers see and hear nowadays on television and in the world. Holden occasionally thinks and talks about sex: â€Å"Most guys at Pencey talked about having sexual intercourse with girls all the time. † (Salinger 48). The average teenager often thinks and talks about sex. It is not unusual for teenagers to do this. The profanity in this book is also not as bad as it may seem. Patty Salazar, a concerned mother and religious activist, claims that, â€Å"‘It uses the Lord’s name in vain 200 times’† (Rotella 17), but the curse words used in The Catcher in the Rye are nothing that teenagers have not heard before in their everyday lives. Banning The Catcher in the Rye in school is not acceptable. It is a violation of the first amendment, and it is nothing far from what teenagers encounter everyday. This book gives teenagers someone in literature that they are able to relate to in one way or another. The Catcher in the Rye is not a book that will corrupt young readers. The underlying theme of this book is loss of innocence. This loss occurs when a teenager makes the change to adulthood where he or she is obscured by phoniness. By banning this book from schools, the only thing that teenagers would be sheltered from is reality.

Changing nature of the family

Changing nature of the family Introduction This essay consists of debates from three different social science perspectives analysing the issue of the changing nature of the family.The main argument of the essay is that the ,what reasons lead phenomenon of lone parent families and how it affects to society with focus on the Economics ,Sociology and Anthropology . This study will examine the long term effects of family divorce on children from lone parent families in comparison to the intact families. The major objective of this essay is to ascertain the extent to which the life experiences of children who experienced parental marital disruption differ from those whose parents remained together. Main body Despite the fact that what our society as a whole focuses people on family creation ,the single parent lifestyle becomes more and more popular. However singles are not monolithic social group as among them is dissolved, widowers and widows, and also those who even never married. Economic perspectives: Firstly ,from the economic perspectives it will explain : The number of single parent double increased since the 1970s and It means is par of wider patterns of change in family structure. (Jane Millar 1991.p247) .According to Jane Millar, these changes in family structure represent, some problems for social policy, especially such problems as state financial support of families. The British system of social protection of families it has been based on three important points, the most important form of family support was with mans wages which help the state replace under certain conditions. (For example in such cases as unemployment ,illnesses , inability or death.) Besides laws in Great Britain have been based on the idea and they meant that when the woman will marry, their husbands would care of them. (Jane Lewis 1997, p.52) Actually, anything above is not correct more because of revolutionary changes in a role, the status and fundamental understanding of principles of marriage and expectations of a way of life. The increasing number of lonely parental families mentions and causes the basic problems about balance between a family and the state and separate financial duties and about roles of men and women as the parent and as workers. In 1991, it was the certificate of the Birth grant which has been carried out since 1993, represents attempt to change this balance, entering the new mechanism for settlement and the instruction of payment of service for children. (Kahn and Kamerman,1988 p248) Sociology perspectives: Secondly the most appreciable phenomenon characterising infringements of unity of a family are divorces. They promote comprehension by the person as imperfections of a family, and its social importance, it simultaneously all members of the family will get strong stress or even may cause illness and the valuable knowledge connected with the nature of the individual. Divorces in modern societies became the mass phenomenon. Their growth confirms the theory of the known philosopher of (M.Heidegger) about loss by the modern person of roots [216, with. 106]. Nevertheless both parents in destroyed family exercise less supervision over their child than parents exercise in intact families.(Jan Pryor and bryan Rodgers 2001,p 101). When parent divorce, often brings big changing life on children. For example there may be some changes like moving to a new place, house or moving to a new school . Loss of friendship and other familiar environment can switch on such changes in a family in itself (Sandler, Tein and the West, 1994) .For which its the potential factor, a source of numerous psihologo-pedagogical, mediko-social, socially-legal, is material-household and other problems suffer. Growth of number of the terminated marriages so, and children in the dissolved families in UK it is imposed on the processes accompanying an economic crisis (socially-legal vulnerability, poverty, unemployment and so forth) In this connection the problems generated by divorce, are perceived more sharply. Unfortunately, in the domestic family-demographic policy and social practice there was no concept of protection of children in a divorce situation, the complex and system approach to the decision of their problems is not developed, possibilities of minimisation of destructive consequences of divorces are a little used. The steady tendency of increase in number of the dissolved families does not allow to hope for fast elimination of the phenomenon and compels, along with measures on reduction of number of divorces, to bring an attention to the question on search of ways of optimisation of process of socialisation of minors within the limits of the broken most up family, that is about preventive maintenance and indemnification of negative consequences of parental rupture for children. These circumstances do actual a theme of the given work. Despite the fact that lone parents have more skills on growing of children, single parents arise often difficulties with discipline and behavior of child problems. Single parents usually appears stirred up by children or teenagers with difficult character and it is simple not in a condition to support the same level of discipline which can be in a family with both parents. Children of single parent family appear in problem situations and child have usually less parental control, than children who lives with both parents. Moreover Single- parents can be both fathers, and mothers, they can not possess skills on education. When the father contains a family, it should be sensitive to female problems, as well as to problems of boys if father has a daughter. Usually fathers are considered as those who brings home money and no more. In case of lone parents, the father should be able all gradually and replace a role of mum in a family. Even, when there are both parents, who transfer there back the child every week, should try to create the uniform environment for the child without dependence how they concern to each other. Everyone parents, actually, single parents should remain within certain parametres so that the child did not feel as if it or it can press on one or other parent. The discipline should be uniform and it is impossible to allow for the child to divide parents, simply. Final referencing 1 ) Nowadays men and women, have no limits of choosing work any more, both become are equal. As a consequence they can be now less confident the partner of a male and not the dependent in general. (Jane Lewis, 1997, p.104) 2 ) nado ili nenado ?Field(1989) argues that one of the main divisions currently emerging is that between lone mothers locked into long-term dependency on welfare benefits and others who pass through lone parenthood for brief periods . The stigma connected with single parents and children of single parents, is saved. Scientists continue to find the consent by the nature and size of family effects of structure on children. Some believed that the family structure negatively affects on the development of the child while others have accepted the fact what even with single parents there are some evidences that children have completely developed emotionally and intellectually despite their circumstances agree (Hawkins and 1991 Eggebeen), unlike a stereotypic kind of single parental house economy as is integral imperfect, the majority of single parents provides structure, values and nurturance which their children require despite problems and critical remarks which they face. Their houses are not broken, their lives are not unfortunate, and their children can have problems, but most finally to prosper. (Walsh, 2003, p123) it is similar Petterson (2001) also asserted that successful single parental house economy throw down a challenge to concept that the most healthy structure demands two parents.

The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat :: Journalism Epidemics Health Essays

The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat This year, our nation faced a pair of crises: war and pestilence. Even as our brave men fought for America on Germany soil, an invisible and perhaps more deadly foe took hold in our nation and around the world. Our nation's hospitals face a drastic shortage of staff and space to accommodate adequately both the wounded soldiers who have returned from the war and our civilian population who have fallen victim to influenza. This was a consequence that we could not have foreseen. It is suspected that the origin of this great epidemic may have been Boston, considering that it is one of the busiest ports in our nation. From there the infection has spread throughout the New England area and reached areas as remote as California. Although this disease is called the "Spanish Influenza" it has spread beyond Spain, Europe and America. Cases from as far as the Orient and even Africa have been documented and verified. Clearly, this is no ordinary flu. However, I believe that this flu is extraordinary not only in its destructive nature, but in casting a legacy of distrust for science amongst the general populace. In Sierra Leone the flu was brought from Europe and become a deadly epidemic. A report claims that as many as 1,000 individuals had died there in a single week. Furthermore, the shortage of food in the region further execrated the problem. Strangely, the disease did [not] just claim human victims. There were even reports in Sierra Leone of monkeys and other primates who became stricken with the flu. (NY Times) The flu was perhaps hardest on our troops fighting abroad. Not only did they have to contend with the German infantry's relentless machine gun fire from the trenches, but they also endured some of the harshest conditions in the history of war. Here at home, we could easily put on a mask and avoid those who are infected hoping that we could avoid this virulent disease. But our brave fighting men could not. In the trenches of Germany, they had more to worry about than simply catching a cold. Their survival often depended on the cover fire from their nearest comrade, sick or not. Needless to say, the Americans were not the only party affected by this illness. The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat :: Journalism Epidemics Health Essays The Disease to Follow Is a Greater Threat This year, our nation faced a pair of crises: war and pestilence. Even as our brave men fought for America on Germany soil, an invisible and perhaps more deadly foe took hold in our nation and around the world. Our nation's hospitals face a drastic shortage of staff and space to accommodate adequately both the wounded soldiers who have returned from the war and our civilian population who have fallen victim to influenza. This was a consequence that we could not have foreseen. It is suspected that the origin of this great epidemic may have been Boston, considering that it is one of the busiest ports in our nation. From there the infection has spread throughout the New England area and reached areas as remote as California. Although this disease is called the "Spanish Influenza" it has spread beyond Spain, Europe and America. Cases from as far as the Orient and even Africa have been documented and verified. Clearly, this is no ordinary flu. However, I believe that this flu is extraordinary not only in its destructive nature, but in casting a legacy of distrust for science amongst the general populace. In Sierra Leone the flu was brought from Europe and become a deadly epidemic. A report claims that as many as 1,000 individuals had died there in a single week. Furthermore, the shortage of food in the region further execrated the problem. Strangely, the disease did [not] just claim human victims. There were even reports in Sierra Leone of monkeys and other primates who became stricken with the flu. (NY Times) The flu was perhaps hardest on our troops fighting abroad. Not only did they have to contend with the German infantry's relentless machine gun fire from the trenches, but they also endured some of the harshest conditions in the history of war. Here at home, we could easily put on a mask and avoid those who are infected hoping that we could avoid this virulent disease. But our brave fighting men could not. In the trenches of Germany, they had more to worry about than simply catching a cold. Their survival often depended on the cover fire from their nearest comrade, sick or not. Needless to say, the Americans were not the only party affected by this illness.

Long Distance Relationships Essay example -- essays research papers

Long Distance Relationships Relationships have been around since the beginning of mankind. There are many goals in life that people pursue and having a soul mate is one of them. One type of relationship that is practiced most among teenagers is long distance relationships. Due to the fact that so many teenagers fall in love so quickly and are immature, they will not let go of partners even though they may have to separate. Many people find it difficult to stay in one relationship for a very long time yet alone a long distance relationship. Long distance relationships in my view are the hardest to keep intact than any other types of relationships. Whether its interracial or interfaith relationships, it is a proven fact that the most difficult relationship to keep from falling apart are the...

Waste Land Essay: Truth through Complexity :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The Waste Land: Truth through Complexity The basic method used in The Waste Land may be described as the application of the principle of complexity. T S Eliot uses a parallel structure on the surface to develop an ironic contrast, and then uses surface contrasts in a parallel form. To the reader, this gives the effect of chaotic experience ordered into a new whole, though the realistic surface of experience is faithfully retained. The fortune-telling of "The Burial of the Dead" will illustrate the general method very satisfactorily. On the surface of the poem the poet reproduces the patter of the charlatan, Madame Sosostris, and there is the surface irony: the contrast between the original use of the Tarot cards and the use made by Madame Sosostris. But each of the details (justified realistically in the palaver of the fortune-teller) assumes a new meaning in the general context of the poem. There is then, in addition to the surface irony, something of a Sophoclean irony too, and the "fortune-telling," which is taken ironically by a twentieth-century audience, becomes true as the poem develops--true in a sense in which Madame Sosostris herself does not think it true. The surface irony is thus reversed and becomes an irony on a deeper level. The items of her speech have only one reference in terms of the context of her speech: the "man with three staves," the "one-eyed merchant," the "crowds of people, walking round in a ring," etc. But transferred to other contexts they become loaded with special meanings. To sum up, all the central symbols of the poem head up here; but here, in the only section in which they are explicitly bound together, the binding is slight and accidental. The deeper lines of association only emerge in terms of the total context as the poem develops--and this is, of course, exactly the effect which the poet intends. The poem would undoubtedly be "clearer" if every symbol had a single, unequivocal meaning; but the poem would be thinner, and less honest. For the poet has not been content to develop a didactic allegory in which the symbols are two-dimensional items adding up directly to the sum of the general scheme. They represent dramatized instances of the theme, embodying in their own nature the fundamental paradox of the theme. We shall better understand why the form of the poem is right and inevitable if we compare Eliot's theme to Dante's and to Spenser's.

Pe Assignment 1

Performance Task # 2- Direction: Answer the following: (answers shall be based on the assignment Video: Sayaw) Key point: the Spaniards came to the Philippines in the 16th century. They found out that dance and music were woven and is part of the Filipinos everyday life. Q. Where is it intertwined? 1. Courtship 2. Love 3. Politics 4. ____________________ 5_____________________ 6. _________________________ 7. ______________________ Key point: the Spaniards employ dances and music to introduce religion to Filipinos. Dance has become religious activity for feasts of saints and for praising. They introduce secular dances from Europe.The Filipinos assimilated it and it evolves in the Filipino culture. List down the European Dances introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines. And the Filipino adaptation of the dances Follow the cue given. 8. La Jota- a social dance for special occasion for the Spaniards. Usually accompanied with string instruments. 9. La Jota Montavena – the Fili pino version characterized by fast and lively movement wherein waltz is a common step it is from the province of Tarlac. 10. La Jota Manilena- it is a version which is done in honor of the old city of Manila. 1. Valse/Waltz – a dance originally from Southern Germany introduced to the Philippines on the 19th century. It was also assimilated by the Filipinos and incorporated it to their own version. 12. Balitaw – a courtship dance from the Visayas 13. Carinosa – a courtship dance with characteristic use of fan and handkerchief. 14. Fandango – dance for special occasion such as wedding 15. Pandang Pandang – a version from Antique wherein a gecko went up the grooms trouser so he Stamped to remove the lizard without the crowds knowledge institutionalizing theStamping movement as part of the dance. 16. Fandango Sambalilo – a dance version where the guys try to pick up a hat on the floor with the use of his head. 17. Fandango sa Ilaw – a dan ce version from Mindoro wherein the ladies carry lighted oil lamps in their head and hands. 18. Habanera- a dance originally from Havana Cuba 19. Habanera de Sultera – a Filipino adaptation of this dance from Pangasinan which is the last dance of a couple before they get married. 20.Mazurka – a ballroom dance from Polland. 21. Mazurka Moderato- an adaptation of this dance wherein the couples gather informally, the steps Used are sangig, salok, step close step and redoba. 22. Mazurka Mindorena- the premiere dance of the elites in Mindoro which was popularized by our Our hero Don Antonio Luna. 23. Polka – originally a ballroom dance for grand social affair. 24. Maliket a Polka – an adaptation from Pangasinan, characterized by happy movement, a dance for Sto.Nino. 25. Polka sa Nayon – an adaptation from Batangas 26. Rigodon – popular ceremonial dances for the elite. 27. Rigodon – dance of the elite with the use of cabesera and costados a s position based on their Importance in the society. 28. ______________- a dance wherein the purpose is for the ladies to be seen by gentlemen, they try to Outdress each other, it was introduced in the 1850’s. Key point: the dances evolved and was integrated thereby creating a combination of different dances to form new dance. 9. Polkaval – a combination of polka and valse from Atimonan Quezon 30. Jotaval – a combination of Jota and Valse from Gumaca Quezon II. Essay 1. Give at least 5 Filipino researchers who contributed in the documentation and propagation of Philippine folk dance throughout the Philippines and the world. Cite their contribution. (10pts) 2. How did the rural folks assimilated the dances introduced by the Spaniards and patronized by the local elites as part of their lives? Where was the transmutation based? What has become of these dances? Answer in a 5 sentence paragraph only. (5pts)

Pelayo and Elisenda were dazed

One of the popular works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez which used the principle of Magical Realism was the short story entitled A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings. In magical realism, the merging of myth and reality can be seen.Marquez, in his stories, used magical realism to describe certain realities. For this particular short story, he was trying to state realities about Catholicism.Pelayo and Elisenda were dazed when they saw the rubbish, old man on their courtyard. Pelayo even thought he was in a nightmare. However, when they saw the man’s wings, he instantly became â€Å"familiar† to them. Angels were always portrayed by the Church as someone who has wings.The wings would look like from a hawk or a dove. If the wings were similar to a bat’s, he could be perceived as the Devil himself. This occurrence of having an angel on earth did not appear to cause panic in the story. Like the stories in the Bible, miracles, visions of angels or symbols from God seem to happ en naturally without question.Unlike an angel which the Church would describe as young, innocent and magnificently dressed in white clothes, the man in the courtyard was, as Marquez illustrated, â€Å"like a ragpicker†.He was a very old man lying face down on the mud and his wings all dirty and half-plucked (Marquez 1). This not so angelic stature was reason enough for the neighbor to conclude that he was a â€Å"fugitive† from heaven and Pelayo should club him to death.The suggestion as to how the angel should die was very cruel especially for someone who was once worthy to stand before God and be His messenger. The Church teaches the same fate for all sinners. They are said to be banished from Heaven and will forever suffer in the fires of Hell.Pelayo was not able to bring himself to kill him. He, instead, dragged him to the chicken coop. If he looked like someone as majestic as an angel, many would not settle him along with the hens. Some would offer him the entire house with the softest pillows and warm mattresses. The Church may even build an altar or a church for him.In the morning, the newborn child who had been feverish before the angel came was well and eating. Pelayo and Elisenda decided to dispose the angel by placing him on a raft with three-day supply of fresh water and provisions. It may have occurred to them that the angel was sent by God for a purpose.He may have been sent to heal the child or to take the child’s soul and end his suffering. But now that the child had recovered completely, they did not see the use of the angel anymore. This is common for some religious people.They only seek divine guidance when in dire need of something. If an intense obstacle comes their way, they pray fervently or go to church often. Some also go to the church just to show to people that they are indeed religious. But when all is well, some tend to forget or do not see it necessary to pray or to go to church.The plan of disposing the angel forever did not push through after seeing the whole neighborhood gathered in front of the chicken coop, amused with the angel. More were coming every day.Elisenda decided to take advantage of the many curious people coming to see the angel. She began charging five cents for anybody who would like to view the angel.This is a similar reality in the Church. When apparitions or miracles are reported to happen in a certain location, there are some people who take advantage by soliciting financial donations or by distributing money envelopes through which donors are promised to be included in the prayers and will consequently be blessed.Most of the people who came to the courtyard wanted to verify the rumor about an angel. Upon seeing him as not meeting their physical expectations of an angel, they started to provoke him to prove himself that he does pass the standards of an angel. He was, however, non-responsive.He did not take offense of the things that were thrown to him. He only reac ted once teary-eyed when people burned his side with an iron for branding steers. He was not able to communicate with the people as he spoke in a language that they did not understand. The people, on the other hand, did not care to find any other means to communicate with him.They continued to be rude and started giving him names. If something appears to be out of the norms of the society like in how they dress or behave, they are most likely to experience maltreatment. The Church in the olden times displayed such behavior.For individuals who strayed away from the beliefs of the Church or who attempted to defy them, they were declared as excommunicates. Excommunicates were treated like people of lower stature, as outcasts or as criminals.A representative of the Church, Father Gonzaga, tried to identify him if he was really an angel. He tried to speak to him in Latin, the official language of God. But the angel did not seem to understand and spoke in a different dialect.Father Gonzag a instantly suspected an impostor upon noticing that he did not speak and understand Latin. Up close, he also saw him as much more human-like. He had the outdoor smell and his wings had been infested with parasites. He did not see him as an angel at all. Instead he said to the people, this may be a trick from the Devil.This, again, refers to the standard description of the Church on how a heavenly being was supposed to be. Just because the angel was not able to comprehend the so-called official language of God, he was concluded as not a person coming from God. He was instead declared to possibly come from somewhere else. There was no deeper investigation initiated as to what kind of dialect he was using.He was also judged based on how he smelled and his physical appearance. For someone who had been living with the chickens, there was no doubt as to how he could have acquired such characteristics. Anybody would not be able to maintain his magnificence under such conditions.To prove i f the angel was an impostor or not, Father Gonzaga had to write a letter to his bishop who would, in turn, write a letter to the Supreme Pontiff then the verdict will be obtained from the higher courts (Marquez 1). This set-up indicates that those from the lower ladder like Father Gonzaga do not have the power to judge what is religiously true as the ones above him.He would have to seek for the judgment elsewhere, perhaps from a place far away from where he was. Not being in the proximity of the event in question, there is a possibility for facts to be distorted or to be judged subjectively.The exchange of letters asking verifying questions would take time and not much urgency will come out from it. The answers given for these questions may be subjective or opinionated and may affect the final verdict altogether.As an angel, he was expected to have healing powers. A number of invalids and people who had health problems came to the courtyard. But the outcome became a comedy and peopl e branded the angel as someone with a mental disorder.A blind man seeking for sight grew three new teeth, a paralytic wanting to walk almost won the lottery and a leper sprouted sunflowers instead of sores (Marquez 1).Adding to the many other disproving evidence, Father Gonzaga and the people had finally settled to the fact that they have an impostor not an angel. He was then abandoned and forgotten entirely. The woman in the carnival who turned into a tarantula became more interesting and more worthy of their attention.Though nobody seemed to have gained interest anymore with the angel, Pelayo and Elisenda benefited so much from the admission fees they had collected. They were able to rebuild their house and bought new clothes. Though the angel had brought them so much, he was still left to live in the pen. Some people, though declaring themselves as religious, do not always return to others the blessings they had received.The angel became more of a nuisance. It was only the child who seemed to understand him and played with him. They did not realize or even cared that he was running a fever at night and singing chants under the stars. When he left, all they felt was relief that he was gone.  Marquez had left the interpretation of his use of magical realism to his readers. The story may look like a story for children but looking deeply, he was actually portraying reality.References:Marquez, Gabriel, Garcia. â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enromous Wings.† Short Story Classics. 2004. 29 March 2008. http://www.geocities.com/cyber_explorer99/garciamarquezoldman.html.Moore, Lindsay. â€Å"Magical Realism.† 1998. 29 March 2008. http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/MagicalRealism.html.

Ojt reaction paper Essay

A. Objectives: General To obtain knowledge in the real situation of the environment of chosen field and acquire experiences that can be used when we become an engineer. Specific  Students will adjust to working, and they will gain invaluable experience that they can take with them as they move forward with future careers and education. To apply the theories and computations that they have learned from the school. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. To prepare the students in the real life situation of the profession being chosen. B. SCHEDULE/TIMETABLE: C. AREAS OF TRAINING: Training on Estimate Training on Site Inspectioning Training on Punchlisting Training on Supervision of the construction works D. REFERENCE MATERIALS: Simplified Construction Estimate by: Max B. Fajardo Jr. (Third Edition) Planning and Designer’s Handbook by: Max B. Fajardo Jr. (Third Edition) Strength of Materials by: Andrew Pytel and Ferdinand L. Singer (Fourth Edition) VI. PERSONAL EVALUATION OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM 1. Significant Achievements . I have learned many things that supposed to do in site constructing interior layout of the building, like how to do punch listing, inspection of the material to be used in ceiling because there are different acoustic board that is to be used in every part of the room, and doing as-built plan. Those are what I have done in my internship that I consider my achievement in my internship because even though I have encountered difficulties in doing it, I finished the work given to me. 2. Technical skills and new technology learned Since I am in a company that focused on renovation and interior layout I was not able to encounter new technologies rather more on technical skills, just like learning new command in operating auto-cad, doing sketch-up, and as-built plan. And estimating an architectural and structural plan. 3. Equipment, machinery testing apparatus, etc., handled I was not able to handle machinery testing apparatus since I am more on technical works. 4. Experiences with the company personnel Involved in the training My first day as intern is not that easy, mixed with excitement and unexplainable fear, it is my first time to enter the reality of our chosen field. At first, our supervisor oriented me on what to do and exposed to other employees as well. As the days pass by, I learned to adapt new things with this kind of environment. All the staff and engineers are approachable so I can ask them things that I want to know. 5. Strong points Good communication and supervising skills are my strong points. I can handle labourers with different attitudes. 6. Weak points and suggested solutions One of my weak points is that I don’t have the confident of doing things on my own, I always relay to my co-intern because I’m afraid to commit mistakes and be punished. But then as I already adapted to the flow of the work I have learned to do my task on my own. Recommendations: Potential of the company as a training ground During my stay at the company as intern, I can say that it has a potential to be a training ground for an aspiring engineers. There are things that are not taught in school that they taught us, and the thing is that they it is not just based on some book but they actually taught us of what is really happening in an actual situation based on their experience. They gave me task that is related to my course. Suggestions for the improvement of the training program With regards to the training program, I suggest to have a website or e-mail where in we are able to send a day to day or weekly report online. This is for the students to have an easy way of sending and compiling of their day to day activity. In addition, it also help the coordinator to monitor the students under the on the job training programs. Advise to future On-the-Job Trainees As an advice for those who are going to take their On-the-job training, be more attentive to what the trainee is teaching, it might not be necessary for now as a student but as you go along or after you graduated and start to work you can use the knowledge you have obtain during your training.

Global And China Ethylene Carbonate Industry

The report firstly introduced Ethylene Carbonate basic information included Ethylene Carbonate definition classification application industry chain structure industry overview; international market analysis, China domestic market analysis, Macroeconomic environment and economic situation analysis, Ethylene Carbonate industry policy and plan, Ethylene Carbonate product specification, manufacturing process, cost structure etc. Browse Complete report with TOC : http://www. qyresearchreports. com/report/global- and-china-ethylene-carbonate-industry 2013-market- research- report. htmThen statistics Global and China key manufacturers Ethylene Carbonate capacity production cost price profit production value gross margin etc information, and Global and China Ethylene Carbonate capacity production market share supply demand shortage import export consumption etc data statistics, and Ethylene Carbonate Industry 2009-2014 capacity production price cost profit production value gross margin etc i nformation. To Get Sample Copy of Report Visit @ http://www. qyresearchreports. com/sample/ Table of Contents Chapter One Ethylene Carbonate Industry Overview 1. 1 Ethylene Carbonate Definition 1.Ethylene Carbonate Classification and Application 1. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Industry Chain Structure 1. 4 Ethylene Carbonate Industry Overview Chapter Two Ethylene Carbonate International and China Market Analysis 2. 1 Ethylene Carbonate Industry International Market Analysis 2. 1. 1 Ethylene Carbonate International Market Development History 2. 1. 2 Ethylene Carbonate Product and Technology Developments 2. 1. 3 Ethylene Carbonate Competitive Landscape Analysis 2. 1. 4 Ethylene Carbonate International Key Countries Development Status 2. 1. 5 Ethylene Carbonate International Market Development Trend 2.Ethylene Carbonate Industry China Market Analysis 2. 2. 1 Ethylene Carbonate China Market Development History 2. 2. 2 Ethylene Carbonate Product and Technology Developments 2. 2. 3 Ethylene Carbo nate Competitive Landscape Analysis 2 2 4 Ethylene Carbonate China Key Regions Carbonate China Market Development Trend lopment S 5 Ethylene 2. 3 Ethylene Carbonate International and China Market Comparison Analysis Chapter Three Ethylene Carbonate Development Environmental Analysis 3. 1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis 3. 1. 1 China GDP Analysts 3. 1. 2 China CPI Analysts 3.

Charter of Fundamental Rights Marks Coming of Age for EU As a Essay

Charter of Fundamental Rights Marks Coming of Age for EU As a Political Community - Essay Example But EU is a work in progress and, having been done with the tasks of border control and economic integration, it is time to move on to the more difficult areas, which assume social and political dimensions. These include home affairs, immigration, defense - and human rights. European states are regularly mentioned in the annual report of Amnesty International for human rights violations, although there is supposed to be a European Convention on Human Rights that regulates and controls these unwanted activities. This area of concern was the focus of attention at the EU Summit in June 1999, in which it was later decided that a new, more enforceable regional law on human rights is necessary to cap the Union's transformation from an economic organization to a political entity. When the EU members were collectively known as the Little Europe, the focus of attention were coal and steel and, later, the Common Market. This contributed immensely to the region's economic stability into the 1960s. As Menendez (2001) observed: "The Coal and Steel Community was a modest step but one that provided reassurance to economic actors and thus established the foundations for sustained economic recovery. There is thus a basis to argue that European integration contributed indirectly to the extensive protection of socio-economic rights within welfare states." That EU was more That EU was more preoccupied with socio-economic than political concerns at the start may be gleaned from the text of the original treaties establishing the European communities, which made only passing references to fundamental rights. This can be found only in the EC Treaty, specifically its Preamble, which acknowledges the organization's commitment "to preserve and strengthen peace and liberty." Article 119 of the Treaty also sets the principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women. . Even the subsequent Paris and Rome Treaties gave the same passing attention to fundamental rights and instead concentrated on integration and how to deal with economic issues. By thus omitting to articulate the tenets of fundamental rights, EC appeared to be emphasizing the nature of the organization. The limited reference to rights in the primary law of the Communities seems to be a fact beyond dispute. However, this should not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the then Little Europe was not about "rights." As Menendez (2001) saw it, rights remained one of the main goals of the project, if not the main one. On the drive for integration, for example, the actual path set for European integration implied an option for a different strategy of ensuring the protection of human rights. The preconditions for the protection of civic, social and political rights in Europe were established based on the region's unique historical and socio-economic context. This came about after the European Court of Justice reconsidered its earlier position that the basic rights and freedoms in EU member states ought to be protected by national constitutions. In 1969 Stauderl (19), the ECJ cited the general though unwritten principle of fundamental rights protection as a basic foundation of Community law. This shift in EU jurisprudence was further articulated in Internationale (20), when the Court restated that

Team Discussion on The Mar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Discussion on The Mar - Essay Example Murphy-Geiss cites that modernization has contributed to increases in poverty for women and children across the world and that traditional religious beliefs have played a factor in cultural shifts regarding marriage. Similar to Lewins article, it points out how modernization and globalization have essentially caused conflict between modern views on gender equality and the traditional views inspired by religious doctrine. I do, indeed, believe that globalization affect marriages, in many instances due to distorted value systems. For instance, companies use marketing tactics to emphasize the importance of product consumption as a means of enhancing lifestyle (Boone & Kurtz, 2006). As couples live in commercial and Westernized nations, they each will likely adopt their own values about material possessions. One partner may find them important, where another does not. This can cause problems with finance or frustrations over not having enough "things" to satisfy their desires. When commercialism and marketing (as outcomes of modernization) begin to impact the marriage, the health of the union is threatened. Several attempts to access the "dinosaur" quiz met with failure as the link was not available for access. However, the other quiz indicated that I barely had an average knowledge of marital statistics (The Case for Marriage Quiz). Also, I would have never guessed that only 9 percent of intimate violence against women was caused by husbands, as the media often says that spousal abuses in the form of sexual assaults, as one example, are often caused by the husband or boyfriend. I think this is a great statistic in terms of securing the future of the husband and wife relationship, as only 9 percent of violence in these marriages suggests that women will not necessarily be victims of husband aggression. The source of the data is extremely important in sociological research, as one must

Qualitative Data Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualitative Data Collection - Essay Example Therefore, qualitative research in education approved of the researcher’s point of view as a critical aspect of the research. Thus, qualitative research in education asserts that the bias or subjectivity of the researcher is fundamental. Consequently, the perspective and value judgment of the researcher are profoundly bonded to the research (Darlington, 2002). In this perspective, the rapport or researcher and the issue that is being studied impossible to disconnect. In simple terms, what a researcher prefers to investigate is connected to his value judgment. There is an idea that research information and researcher’s value-laden conclusions or research interpretation cannot subsist independently. To a certain extent, information and researcher’s perspective are firmly interwoven with each other. Specifically, a researcher is regarded to be an ‘insider to the research’. In principle, this perspective is founded on a ‘subject-subject relationship’ (Darlington, 2002, 15) in which realities in human societies are subjective. There is an assumption that the researcher responds based on his personal value judgment. In any research approach, whether quantitative or qualitative, one of the most important steps is the data collection. In qualitative research in education, there are four major data collection methods, namely, ethnography, educational criticism, action research and case study. Ethnographers try to record, in a systematic manner, how indigenous people behave and how they rationalize their behavior. And ethnography, in principle, is a systematic account of this documentation. Indigenous people are individuals in circumstances anywhere, including youngsters and adolescents in schools, not merely people who subsist in isolated and hostile environments such as jungles or peasant villages (Sherman, 2001). Many researchers

Character and Narrative Function of Nicodemus Essay

Character and Narrative Function of Nicodemus - Essay Example "Word of God" reveals Light and darkness goes away. Raymond Brown also writes, "The prologue is a hymn, a poetic summary of the whole theology and narrative of the Gospel, as well as an introduction".2 The result, for Brown, is that "we have a union of wisdom and God's word, a divine person uncreated and existing with the Father." Throughout, from verse 1 to 16, dialogues are centring on this theme of realising knowledge, virtue, truth, Father, Mother, Son, God and Word. The nature of these dialogues is such that they constitute the real essence of knowledge, truth and the Bible. It is this "Word of God" which appears initially to be mystical and mysterious! While, in reality and scientifically, this Word of God is the practical way to delve deep into one's inner self for becoming one with Truth. Knowledge or Truth is there for all of us to see from within. Books and modern science of information and technology cannot help obtain it. One has to see it with eyelids downwards and vision upwards. That is why these dialogues are the essence of Bible. When Jesus says, "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God", it is yet another scientific hint to Nicodemus about seeing and realising God.3 It is after hearing the musical sound of Word of God and imbibing the Spirit that one not only experiences but also starts conversing with God. This is how every human being descends upon this spaceship earth from a Mother's womb to go finally for the second birth from the Word of God. Then such a twice born becomes Son of God!4 Necodemus is a leader who has read scriptures and laws for so many years. His behaviour has also been considered righteous. He asks Jesus quite a few questions. He does not grasp what Christ says at that instant. For Jesus, one is wrong until one is born again. This difficult for Necodemus to believe for he finds it hard to see that he has been in the wrong. Despite this apparent disbelief, Jesus bestows Word of God unto Necodemus. After receiving the Word of God, he does not ask much. He now listens to Christ and also Author's Last Name to others who were countering Jesus. He looks on under the spell of his re-birth! Even after crucifixion of Jesus, Necodemus buries Christ in the grave. What Necodemus has learnt from Christ We are all supposed to learn only that from Jesus. Howsoever we may interpret all teachings of Christ in Chapter 3 of the Gospel of John; certain view-points emerge very clearly. Despite several different versions of Bible and Gospel, His fundamental teachings are beyond reasonable dispute.5 Jesus Christ is bestowing upon us through Necodemus several pathways to light and Christian way of life. This is made available in John 3: 1-16, especially through the character of Necodemus. His initial scientific inquisitiveness, later tranquillity; his earlier hypocrisy in learning laws and going to temples and later equanimity of keeping quiet even when Jesus was being crucified. Major lessons that emerge from the concerned chapters of Gospel of John are mainly five, namely, 1. Science of God

COMMUNITY PROFILE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COMMUNITY PROFILE - Essay Example This paper delves into one specific region that has been put on the spot for the threat the people are facing, especially when it comes to the aspect of physical inactivity. It also strives to bring out some of the factors that influence different characteristics of members of this population, and how their health status might be affected due to some of the mentioned factors. Factors that influence their health will also be mentioned, giving rise to the morbidity factors, and the risks to which most of them are exposed. The aim of this paper is to examine some of the behavioral traits that exist in this population, and why the proportion of adults in the region participating in physical activity is low. In so doing, it may be possible to identify factors that may improve these numbers. The population that is under study is London Borough of Hillingdon, where it is believed that the average proportion of individuals who participate in physical activity is less than the average of England. This region is of interest because it is said to be among the greenest cities in the world. This is amazing considering the statistics that show of the inactivity levels displayed in relation to the individuals in this society (DH 2012). One might be forced to think that living in such an environment would make people choose a healthier lifestyle, but studies indicate otherwise. Adults and children are not spending an average of 3 hours a week on physical activity, which should be a cause for alarm. Children alone, on average, should have at least 60 minutes per day of physical activities that help prevent some of the health problems that may arise (Long et al. 2009). Current statistics indicate that at least one in six deaths occurs as a result of physical inactivity, and this ma kes this issue as immense as smoking. It is also interesting to note that this

Your objective is to show the ways in which the document or source. In Essay

Your objective is to show the ways in which the document or source. In the paper please identify the source and its creator. Int - Essay Example "This film from the 1970s reflects that period's questioning of the guilt of convicted atomic spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The film follows the trial very closely and even features actors reading important parts of the trial transcript. It shows many newspaper headlines and much film footage from the period. People interviewed for the film include the authors of an investigative book, a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent, five of the jurors, the prosecutor, an assistant for the defense, and the Rosenbergs' children. The film was originally shown in 1974, but after 100,000 pages of FBI documents were released several years later, a new introduction and postscript were added and it was re-televised in 1978. In the addition, some of the testimony of the witnesses against the Rosenbergs is questioned and the judge is claimed to have broken the ethical code of judges. The film concludes that the Rosenbergs were not executed because they were guilty but because they refused t o admit they were guilty." i Another primary source is Judge Kauffman's Statement Upon Sentencing the Rosenbergs which is available at the link: http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_SENT.HTM. In this statement, the judge sentenced the couple to death saying that their crime was worst than murder and that they entered such "serious conspiracy with full realization of the implications." convicted.

Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Industrial revolution occurred between 1750 and 1850. It is considered to be the most significant event in human history after domestication of animals and plants. Industrial revolution started in England and spread abundantly all over the globe changing the lives of many people. In 1784, innovation of steam engine was one of the many technologies which brought industrial revolution. The efficiency and power of industrial revolution lifted the modest workshop industries to high speed factories. One of its key achievements was the impact it had on the iron industry. Since the middle age till 17th century, iron industry used trial-and- error methods. Wood was mainly used as combustible fuel. However, in 18th century, wood was replaced with coal as a combustible fuel for producing wrought and cast iron (Esler & Elis, 2007). Use of furnaces further refined the process of iron production and consisted of two separate compartments. In the field of metallurgy, use of furnaces enhanced production of wrought iron. This iron was considered to be the best quality to be used for machinery and construction. Further industrial growth brought the emergence of steel which was a major breakthrough. It was the first metal used to construct road, bridges, canals, and railroads in France and England before spreading to the rest of Europe. The other advantage of industrial revolution was introduction of faster mode of transport which facilitated travelling of goods and people. In addition, it led to emergence of new era of commercial activities which strengthened economy (Esler & Elis, 2007). However, industrial revolution had a profound impact on conditions of human beings especially workers in urban areas. The shift of agrarian occupation to that of industry, led to a dramatic increase in urban population. High population increased spread of diseases while crime and filth became the dominating themes of the city life. The working

Contemporary Marketing Issues and Strategic Marketing Essay

Contemporary Marketing Issues and Strategic Marketing - Essay Example (Tapscott; Ticoll, 2003) However while commendable and also desirable, the quest for transparency has its pitfalls also. Within a competitive framework where asymmetry in information comes as an advantage, opening up everything can bring at par the corporate battlefield. Although transparency in financial revelation is not only wanted, it is compulsory, but transparency in marketing strategy can be devastating. Besides, in the ultimate analysis, although a company might bring about transparency, success cannot always be assured. There are chances that plans laid up in the best possible manner can still go haywire. (Tapscott; Ticoll, 2003) In the 21st century we are witnessing the development of strategic alliances and networks in which businesses work in unison towards shared goals and maintain partnership in their operations. Managing of such relationships in the most efficient manner is nearly the solution to success or failure. The preceding is at the core of marketing strategy that has to include the following factors (i) the opening and shutting of strategic windows (ii) the effect of market propellers. (iii) The type of competition within the market place. (iv) The stage of the market or the industry life cycle. (v) The assets and the abilities which the company possesses or is able to readily obtain. Understanding of the all these five factors is vital if efficient long-term marketing strategies are to be advanced that will result in a company establishing a strategic competitive advantage in industries or in product markets. (Proctor, 2000) The current era of informational transparency calls for building marketing strategies through customer relationships and integrating communications across multiple channels. This is driven by the fact that marketing is witnessing a rapid shift of power towards consumer and the management of communication processes was being raised to strategic levels to facilitate in building customer relations and drive business results. Marketers are trying to cope with increasingly tough competition while the cost of acquisition of new customers is rising. Privacy concerns and regulatory acts like 'Do Not Call' legislation gave higher focus on setting up true relationships instead of blindly luring customers with uncertain mass-communication strategies. (Developing Effective Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies) Channel proliferation spawned by new media like websites and e-mail also added channels through which new methods of marketing are surfacing that seek to more efficiently use customer data to filter across target lists, build personalization rules and build marketing campaigns across and within the complete spectrum of media channels available. Therefore the two main constituents of efficient multi-channel marketing are building pertinent offers through personalization and coordinating and management of multiple marketing channels. (Developing Effective Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies) In order to build a consistent and effective multi-channel marketing and Customer Relationship Management -- CRM strategy, the answer lies in integrated solutions. It is through integration that companies are able to restructure CRM and marketing, keeping up a consistent message, leading to more efficient campaigns and increased Return on

Family and Household Essay Example for Free

Family and Household Essay Sociology is the subject which looks at the social world around us, how the social world works and how it effects and influences our daily lives. People tend to accept the social arrangements in which they grew up as normal or too complicated to understand. The family is the natural way to bring up children and schools are the normal places for children to learn. For most people the social world is just there, challenging their lives, they cannot change it and it is not really worth while trying to understand it. There is a consequence of that argument, which is when people try to understand their place in society, rich or poor, isolated or popular; they usually do so by saying it is their personal abilities, weaknesses and situations that cause them to be as they are. Sociologists do not fully agree with this, they regard it as their job to understand society and the way it affects different people. They do this by using certain concepts such as, values, beliefs, norms and identity, they also look at different theories, which are explanations that link together social events and show how the social events have different effects on different people. Within this essay the writer will be looking at functionalism, feminism and Marxism and how the different aspects affect people and how they impact on the family and household. Family and household are two different things, a household simply means one or more person living in the same home, where as a family typically means a group of people related by ceremonial and or blood ties, living together or in frequent contact. (Moore, 2001) The functionalist perspective is one of the main theoretical perspectives within sociology. It has its origins in the likes of Emile Durkheim, who was especially interested in how social order is possible and how it remains relatively stable. Functionalism was the dominant branch of western sociology until the 1960s, since when it has been increasingly criticised by sociologists, favouring different sociological perspectives. Functionalists argue that â€Å"societies consist of inter-related social institutions such as schools, mass media, political systems and the family each of which contribute positively to the maintenance of stability of society as a whole.† (earlyhamsociologypages.co.uk, 2011) These institutions are said to be functional for societies as a whole. Broadly speaking it is assumed by functionalists that societies operate in the interests of all of their members so that there is no reason for fundamental conflict in society. Instead there is a high degree of consensus that societies are organised efficiently and relatively fairly. Functionalists believe every institution in society contributes to the smooth running of society as a whole. To functionalists the family is at the heart of the family. Murdock claimed that â€Å"the nuclear family is so useful to society that it is inevitable and universal, appearing everywhere† (historylearningsite.com, 2012). Murdock claimed that he had found evidence of nuclear families in the 250 societies he studied. The family is universal because it fulfils essential functions for the family, such as sexual, which controls sexuality and provides stability for adults, reproduction, which provides new members of society, economical, the family provides for its members and education, the family socialises the young into society’s norms and values. They are essential for social life since without the sexual and reproductive functions there would be no members of society, without the economic function (for example, the provision and preparation of food) life would cease, and without education a term Murdock uses for socialization there would be no culture. Human society without culture could not function. (historylearningsite.com, 2012).parsons states there are two irreducible functions of the family, these functions are primary socialisation, through which children learn to accept the norms and values of society and the stabilisation of adult personalities, the family gives adults the emotional support necessary to cope with everyday life. (Moore, 2001) The functionalist view suggests that the nuclear family has become socially isolated from extended family and geographically separated from wider family and more reliant on the welfare state. The family is self-contained, inward looking with little contact with neighbours and community, home leisure’s have made the family more home centred. Functionalists have been accused of idolising the family; they ignore conflict, abuse and gender equality within families and the ever growing divorce rates and family diversity. Feminists have been highly critical of the highly positive view of the family presented by Functionalists and the more critical view presented by Marxists. The reason for this scepticism boils down to one key concept: patriarchy. Patriarchy refers to a system of male dominance. Historian and activist Cheris Kramaroe once famously remarked that† feminism is the radical notion that woman are human beings† (Head, 2012). Feminism is about woman living on equal terms with men and not being pushed down by law or culture into a lower role within society. Feminists believe that the family is patriarchal, dominated by men and it exploits and oppresses women. The family supports and reproduces inequalities between men and woman, woman are Oppressed because their socialised to be dependent on men and remain second place. They reject the new rights view of the separate roles and also reject the march of progress view, in that society has not changed and it is still unequal. Feminists believe that marriage remains patriarchal and that men benefit from wives, they reject the functionalist view of one best family type, and they welcome fre edom and diversity. (Anderson, 2008). Critics argue that there is too much focus on negative aspects and that feminists sometimes ignore recent social changes. Critics claim that feminists portray woman as passive victims as if they are unable to act against discrimination. The same critics believe that feminists focus on one specific group and ignore woman in families from other cultures and ethnicities Marxist Feminists argue that within capitalist societies the nuclear family is part of the overall structure of capitalism and that its organisation and functions are heavily influenced by the nature of the capitalist economic base which means that womens oppression derives primarily from the organisation of the capitalist system rather than from the patriarchal behaviour of men. According to Marxist Feminists housewives fulfil several important functions for the capitalist system: they bear and rear children at no cost to the capitalist system and, along with their husbands, encourage their children to accept authority such that a new, suitably obedient generation of workers becomes available; housewives also provide many domestic services at low or zero cost which reduces the wage levels which the capitalist system needs to pay its male workers. Women also form part of the reserve army of labour which is available for employment during times of economic boom but which can return to the traditional housewife- mother role during economic recession. Marxist feminists also believe women provide emotional support for their husbands/partners without this they would be unable to face the oppression and alienation of the capitalist workplace. Without this emotional support it is also possible that workers would be more prepared to challenge the capitalist system. However, family responsibilities may also dissuade workers from strike activity and the existence of families with its demands for cars, washing machines and other consumer durables also helps to maintain spending and capitalist profits. The socialisation process which operates within the family both stabilises the capitalist system as a whole and also by discouraging female career aspirations, restricts female career opportunities. (Head, 2012). Marxists shares some similarities with feminism, it argues that society is unequal and that it is characterised by oppression, however, Marxists believe that the oppression is of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Marxism is a conflict theory which sees all societies’ institutions, such as the education system, the media, religion and the state as helping to maintain class equality and capitalism for Marxists, therefore, â€Å"the functions of the family are performed solely for the benefit of the capitalist system† (sociogeeks.com, 2011). Marxists believe that the family aids capitalism by being a big consumer of goods, which they have to pay for, as long as the family are around, people will keep buying the products and the bourgeoisie will continue to make money. (earlyhamsociologypages.co.uk, 2011)Marxists also believe that woman staying at home looking after the children are producing the next generation of the proletariat. This means that more people will be created to fill the jobs of the retiring proletariat. Marxists believe that the family cushions the main producer, this is similar to the functionalist perspective where after a hard day at work, the main provider, usually the male, will be comforted by his family, they are there to relieve the pressures so he can return to work the next day less stressed than when he left the day before. This allows the bourgeoisie to have a worker in the next day and to have a guaranteed work force. Marxists believe that family is a strong influence on education and is considered the primary socialisation, this is beneficial for the bourgeoisie because the family and education system will teach the norms and values, which are that the society they are living in is correct. (Moore, 2001) Education makes the proletariat believe in the benefits of capitalism and will make the children believe in the myth of meritocracy. Feminists argue that the Marxist emphasises on social class and capitalism underestimates the importance of gender inequalities within the family, for feminists, the family primarily serves the interests of men rather capitalism. Functionalists argue that Marxists ignore the very real benefits that the family provide for its members, such as intimacy and mutual support. Others feel that Marxists tend to neglect the meanings families have for individuals and how family members interpret family relationships. (Head, 2012) In conclusion Functionalists see society as similar to a human body. Each part of the human body relies on different organs in order to function correctly. According to functionalists society operates in exactly the same way because it relies on different social institutions such as the family, schools, and the government working together to keep the social body working properly. In contrast Marxists see society as operating solely to make a profit for the ruling class. The proletariat are socially engineered to conform to the needs of a ruling class who benefit the most from societies using a capitalist economic system. Therefore schools and the family exist solely to provide a compliant labour force who will willingly serve the needs of capitalism. On the other hand feminists see society as operating in order to meet the needs and wishes of men (patriarchy). Patriarchal societies are engineered to meet the desires and needs of men through institutions like the family and the education system. On this basis feminists say women are second-class citizens. References Anderson, M. L., 2008. Sociology. In: J. Cheng, ed. understanding a diverse society. USA: Thompson Wadsword, pp. 308-312. earlyhamsociologypages.co.uk, 2011. early ham sociology pages. [Online] Available at: www.earlhamsociologypages.co.uk

Charles the Great: Should Charlemagne be called great?

Charles the Great: Should Charlemagne be called great? Charlemagne has from his time of rule between the years 768 to 814 left a marked and undeniable impression upon the historical world, encouraging global and timeless debate as to whether he warrants his image as the Father of a Continent.  [1]  Throughout the duration of my project I intend to explore the concept of Charlemagne as a great man by looking at the historiography surrounding him, considering his actions and seeing whether they justify his magnificent reputation. This question has attracted much scholarly debate both during and since the time of Charlemagne and I hope to display how the historians have interpreted Charlemagnes title, and whether their opinions have changed as time has progressed and their research has developed. I will consider three main areas of his reign which have in my opinion instigated the most discussion. The first will be his constant involvement in warfare and the achievements and failures he attained and endured as a result. The second will look at the disintegration  [2]  theory, calling into question the capability and effectiveness of Charlemagnes government and administration, and consequently his ability as a ruler. The final area of deliberation will question the significance of the imperial title, and how he came to acquire such a prestigious title, encompassing his policies of education and reformation. I will attempt to find historians that both agree and disagree with all themes. In addition to these main points that I hope to also observe Charlemagnes involvement with finance and legislation, including his relationship with the church, all of which I hope will provide me with enough evidence from historians by which I can determine whether Charlemagnes reputation ca n be defended or not. The German historian, Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof who was writing in the late twentieth- century, is very explicit in his opinion that Charlemagnes kingdom and rule decomposed shortly after 800, mostly as a result of the inadequacies of his army. According to him it was Charlemagnes death which actually helped to save his reputation from disgrace, as he suggests that had he lived any longer the defeats he would have endured would have been especially damaging.  [3]  There are many scholars who directly oppose this line of thought however, particularly Donald Bullough who was writing around the same time as Ganshof and professed that by the time of his death in 814 Charlemagne was the most powerful Christian ruler in the world  [4]  These differences of opinion felt around the same time demonstrate how varied the debate is upon Charlemagne and whether he truly deserved his magnificent title, which has survived and been upheld throughout the ages. The Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne was, indeed, very powerful, and by 814 Charlemagne had many over-sea territories under his firm control. This however was not always the case, and throughout his 40 year reign, Charlemagne was confronted with much unrest. Roger Collins, writing in 1998 tells us that Charless Saxon wars were the most protracted and most bitterly fought of the numerous campaigns of his reign, having begun in 772 and continuing until 804, with repercussions still being felt thereafter.  [5]  There is no general consensus to be found which agrees that he Charlemagne was wholly successful or not in the different areas of his rule, but I hope to see whether time, situation or perhaps agenda of the historians are valuable enough evidence for the continued debate as to whether Charlemagne was a great man. The reputation of kings and leaders is often measured in terms of the amount of land gained throughout a reign or time in power. In terms of Charlemagne, this again opens up new avenues of great historical debate. Was the expansion of territory during his reign extensive enough to justify his repute as the most powerful Christian ruler in the world? Many historians disagree that it was, and R. Schieffer confirms that after years of apparently unstoppable rise, the limits of Carolingian power suddenly became apparent  [6]  around the time of the year 800. Alongside Schieffer, reasons for this opinion centred upon Charlemagnes inability to expand his territories significantly into Spain or into the eastern empire. For example, The Royal Frankish Annals, described as the most unassuming work of history written during this age  [7]  , tells us in 782 that Charlemagnes army were killed almost to a man when the Saxons, persuaded by Widukindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ rebelled as usual.  [8]à ‚  This does not suggest a successful army led by a great warrior king. In addition debate on this topic has been largely focussed around the substantial lacking of a competent and willing army, as H. Fichtenau suggests, The poorer people complained that they were compelled to render almost continuous military service until they were completely impoverished.  [9]  This also informs us that Charlemagnes subjects were coerced into fighting for their king, possibly questioning his reputation at the time and skill as a military leader. In this sense, it is easy to argue that Charlemagne does not deserve the brilliant reputation that he has been remembered for. Fichtenau continues in suggesting that Charlemagne cared very little about his people to make them do continuous military service which may be a reason why he could not easily raise an army. Is this the attitude of a great leader, in response to the terms of the treatment of Charlemagnes service men? T. Reuter completely disagrees with Fichtenau suggesting that warriors were well looked after, bene fiting from gifts of food, clothing, gold, and silver, horses and arms  [10]  . This reveals a competent leader aware of the people serving under his name and rewarding them justly. Charlemagne managed to conqueror a substantial amount of Italy and hold on to what he had when faced with attempted invasion, in particular against the Saracens and troublesome Saxons. Einhard recorded that Ganshof, whose view upon Charlemagne is often critical, even records that; outstanding achievements, which can scarcely be matched by modern men.  [11]  Certainly the achievements that Charlemagne enjoyed in wartime are abetting as a part of his great remembrance. There is certainly much to suggest that Charlemagne did deserve his reputation in relation to his triumphs on the battlefield. His acquirement of the Avar treasure in 791 and the invasion and subjugation of the land of Bavaria to his rule where remarkable high points in his reign of warfare; Becher goes on to tell us that with Bavaria, Charlemagne acquired a new and apparently powerful neighbour,  [12]  which would assist him in advancing his reputation across the continent. Bullough is in cohorts with Becher on this opinion as he claims that Charles reputation and prestige among his neighbours had clearly not diminished as advancing years forced him to leave the command of armies in battle to others.  [13]  Agreeing with this view is Collins who adds in his work, which offers an essentially political account of the major developments of Charles reign  [14]  , that Charless naval activities in his final period are particularly notable, and saw the Carolingian Empire turned into a major maritime power.  [15]  In my opinion, Charlemagne did well to defend his kingdom successfully and expand to cushion his existing borders. Ganshof shows that he was a well renowned man and admired by other kings from neighbouring territories. I believe that Charlemagne not only managed to maintain his inherited lands, which is a great achievement in itself considering the vastness of the kingdom, but managed to build and gain land and respect, with which comes great reputation. His role in warfare suggests that he was a great and distinguished military leader and it would appear that his victories and skill in battle is one of the few topics where the historians generally agree that it enhanced his reputation amongst his peers and beyond. The argument of the decomposition  [16]  theory, chiefly driven by Ganshofs, has also encouraged much contest between historians, both historically and modern. Charlemagnes final years, chiefly following the Imperial Coronation of 800, are characterised by Ganshof as being dominated by a process of disintegration. It is my view that this idea holds a certain truth to it, demonstrated particularly in the aftermath of Charlemagne receiving the imperial title, but only to a certain extent. There were arguably some areas of his rule that experienced some level of limitations post-800, particularly his administrative apparatus, his military successes and also his Imperial Programme. Ganshof sets the parameter for this issue, although he does also indicate that there was a Balance Sheet,  [17]  implying that he did not believe that there was either uniform failure or success. He does often mention, however, that any successes Charles managed to achieve, mainly concerning his foreig n and internal policies, were in his mind, notably disappointing,  [18]  holding an overall picture of failure. Opposing this idea, King states that the Emperor had coped perfectly satisfactorily in his last years,  [19]  supported by Collins who adds that he believes that Ganshofs judgement seems mistaken.  [20]   Charlemagnes government is one of the most disputed aspects within his reign. Many historians agree that the way in which he orchestrated his government was poor, including Matthew Innes who declares that the lack of attention to the nuts and bolts of administration and to the mechanisms by which Charlemagne was able to govern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is striking  [21]  . His point is furthered in saying that some historians have gone so far to claim that the Carolingians lacked any clearly defined concept of the state  [22]  . In the last years of Charlemagnes reign for example, the Carolingian state had symptoms of bad government  [23]  . The idea argued by Ganshof that the last reigning years suffered decomposition would surely suggest that Charlemagne does not deserve his great reputation. Ganshof states that Charlemagnes achievements in the last years fell short of those envisaged in 802  [24]  We know that during 801-814 for example there are instances of malfunctioning of public services  [25]  of which the capitularies year after year denounce the same abuses  [26]  . The capitularies created under Charlemagne often had to be re-issued, and we may infer from this that perhaps he did not have the authority which would ensure his requests were carried out. Fichtenau maintains that it cannot be denied that Charles the great failed to solve this problem  [27]  . Donald Bullough is in agreement with this point as he does not feel confident that either Charles or his close advisers had developed a clear and consistent attitude to the empire in the east.  [28]  Davis who was writing in the late 1920s confirms that the capitularies and his commissions produced the merest ripples on the surface of the deep waters of customary law.  [29]  His work predominantly focuses on the belief that the very name by which [Charlemagne] is best known is the product of French invention  [30]  with a view to link themselves with greatness, rather than a result of Charlemagnes prominence. The majority of the criticism directed at Charlemagnes government foc uses around the years after 800, however Charlemagne managed to achieve great things such as managing to make his subjects take an oath of fidelity taken in the name of the emperor  [31]  which Ganshof describes as new and imperial  [32]  . Perhaps even more importantly he created a new codification of law which insisted upon creating a written record of laws for the first time. Therefore it is evident that the government serving under Charlemagne did manage to do great and commendable things. It was from the government that Charlemagne managed to patronize the arts, and scholarship and learning. Although there were negatives within the government, I believe the achievements far outweigh them. The Imperial Coronation is a major event in Charlemagnes rule and yet another area which has induced forcible disagreement amongst historians since its occasion in 800. The main argument is centred on the significance of the title in relation to the rest of his rule, and calls into question his role as protector of the Church among other factors. With the imperialization of Charlemagne  [33]  in 800, many historians have questioned whether Charlemagne changed the way he ruled after his coronation. The areas on this question chiefly explored throughout history are multi faceted, but I have identified three main parts to examine. These include changes that were implemented in the government, if any, Charlemagnes personal outlook on the title, and his role as protector of the Church. It is interesting to see how much, or indeed, how little, these three constituents changed after the Imperial coronation of 25th December, 800. We can identify certain techniques that Charlemagne employed in order to carry out his will. In 802 he called a council at Aachen and dispatched his missi in order to examine the religious and moral state of affairs throughout the kingdom. Wilson described his government as a strong, centralised government [with] internal stability  [34]  , which leads us to believe that he was powerful enough to impose any changes effectively upon his dominions. Historians have claimed in their work that there were also changes to the content and style of capitularies after 800. The most famous and extensive of capitularies were the Admonitio Generalis, 789, the Herstal of 799, and capitulary produced at Aachen in 802, dubbed as the Programmatic Capitulary by Ganshof. Historian King tells us how each of these capitularies are released following much unrest in Charlemagnes kingdom, and that most of the rulings are concerned with canon law, monastic life and the like.  [35]  It is to be noted however, that these things are indeed recurrent theme[s with] the problems dealt with in 802 or 789 or 779  [36]  and the ideas are simply repeated over time. Collins informs us that the Admonitio Generalis we can see Charlemagne explicitly claiming responsibility for the moral and spiritual welfare of his realm  [37]  . The content was greatly influenced by a range of councils dating back from the fourth to sixth centuries, and therefore much of it was repetition of ideas and wishes from over the years. Although this is true, Collins admits that the concluding regulationsrepresent new injunctions  [38]  and have not been taken from any earlier documents. Nevertheless no dramatic change in content can be seen. King adds that the previously sought goals in the capitularies had not been altered: order, justice, piety, peace, concord, each conceived in Christian terms, each expressive of Gods will.  [39]  Despite this, we are told that these issues were sought the more determinedly  [40]  by Charlemagne after 800. In opposition to King and Collins, Ganshof argues that in face there was a significant change to the content and style of the capitularies after 800, and also the way in which Charlemagne thought perceived them. He interprets the 802 capitulary issued from Aachen as a bid to create a Christian republic on earth under Charlemagnes authority. He puts particular emphasis on the way it is written, and how some passages are in first person which he claimed was unusual. The parts in first person may be interpreted as issues which Charlemagne held most dear to him, and Ganshof argues that this is due to the Emperor being driven by Imperial responsibility.  [41]  The introduction of the capitulary refers to Charlemagnes intentions of sending out missi, to spread the word of god and encourage people to obey him, and Ganshof uses this as evidence of an Imperial programme of rule. The oath of fidelity is a particularly significant feature of the Programmatic Capitulary, the counterpart to t he Emperors recognition of his own enhanced obligations before God.  [42]  Two years after his coronation, it appears that Charlemagne imposed a greater insistence on the strict enforcement of the established laws  [43]  , and possibly the most significant detail is that the oath was to be taken in the name of the Emperor, not the King. Ganshof implied that a distinction is being made between the Imperial and former royal title. He adds that the language used to draw out the oath in the capitulary is explicitly more spiritual, and this distinguishes it from other oaths sworn in the 890s with Charlemagne as king. I believe that the debate to Ganshofs argument rests in the suggestion that perhaps the sixty-year-old Emperor  [44]  was simply becoming increasingly more aware of his old age. Charlemagne greatly desired salvation and in order to ensure this he knew his responsibility to his people and their beliefs was an important constituent which would seal his fate. Perhaps Charlemagnes focus in his capitularies came more from the anxieties of an old man for awareness of passing years  [45]  , and not as a direct result of his Imperial Coronation, as Ganshof has suggested. Perhaps Charlemagne perceived the Imperial title as a way to enforce other wishes more firmly as Wallace-Hadrill claims that the imperial title meant little or nothing to him outside Rome.  [46]  For example, with his newly acquired status he was able to claim that there were religious dimensions to his military campaigns, which would encourage more people to serve him. Davis tells how Charlemagne; did not go out of his way to seek the Imperial dignity, but accepted it as a responsibility which could not be refused; he employed it, not as a stepping-stone to further aggrandisement, but to legalise power already acquired, to allay the purposeless strife of race against race within his existing dominions, to evoke the consciousness of spiritual brotherhood which afterwards proved so mighty a factor in European development.  [47]   Wallace Hadrill confirms that Charlemagne was fight[ing] for the faith  [48]  , and not solely because of his newly adorned title. In addition, this supremacy enabled him to crown his son Louis, which he hoped would secure his legacy after his death. I believe that the greatest significance of the Imperial coronation lies in the debate as to whether Charlemagnes attitude towards the Church changed after 800. In my personal opinion, there is much evidence from many of the historians which suggests that it did, but still there lies a counter argument. I believe that following the coronation in Rome Charlemagne recognised his responsibilities to God and pursued them with a driving passion  [49]  , and his ambition to create a truly Christian society  [50]  was substantially magnified. There is much evidence to suggest that this is exactly what Charlemagne thought God required of him, and the fact that he was crowned on Christs birthday is appropriate to this. It adds to the belief that Charlemagne saw himself as Christs representative upon earth, and because of this, saw himself as Gods worker among men. The Paderborn Epic  [51]  also may hold evidence to this claim, as the poem refers to Charlemagne as an instrument of St. Peter. The oath of fidelity, released with the capitulary of 802, has been said to have been re-phrased to give it a more religious character and was the counterpart to the Emperors recognition of his own enhanced obligations before God.  [52]   After 800, Charlemagne became worthy of the highest secular dignity that existed under God, and we know that he also continuously claimed responsibility forthe spiritual welfare of his realm.  [53]  Was this however completely owing to the coronation or due to his awareness of an approaching death as an old man? There are continuous implications suggesting that Charles had a terrible awareness that Gods judgment will be conditioned by the conduct of his subjects  [54]  and in his remaining months he spent his time in prayer and alms-giving and spent some of his last hours in correcting books.  [55]  Perhaps therefore this priority of religion had more to do with his hopes for personal redemption and salvation from God, and to attain this, he knew he had to do Gods bidding, and spread the word of Christianity for a Christian republic on Earth. Also toward the end of his reign we know he arranged for the distribution of the treasures and silveramong the twenty-one metropoli tan churches that now existed in his empirefor the good of his soul.  [56]  Nevertheless, it remains certain that Charlemagne was concerned with the problems of the Church and thought it was his duty to protect with his whole mind.  [57]  It is evident that his struggles with Saxony were primarily due to their resistance of Christianity, in preference of paganism. It remains uncertain as to whether his increased Christian mission in his last years were more due to the coronation, and his recognition of being the protector of the church, or simply due to his hopes for salvation after death. Becher however tell us that in gaining the Imperial title, Charlemagne achieved his goal of standing at the head of the Christian world.  [58]   Charlemagne is presented as a king of well-rounded ability and his patronage of the arts compliments his government and religious advances particularly well. The capturing of the Avar treasure meant there was a greater disposable income and as a result of the influx of income patronage of the arts, encouraging scholarship and learning amongst his people, soars in his period. Fichtenau and Wallace-Hadrill suggest there was no significant push in the development of the arts for the first few years in Charlemagnes sovereignty. Rosamond McKitterick continues to say that the patronage of learning could be regarded as one of the obligations of royalty,  [59]  perhaps suggesting that it was not something newly enforced by Charlemagne. On the other hand, she then suggests that his patronage was designed to promote his royal power as a Christian king and to consolidate the faith  [60]  which is shown by the creation of the two schools; the peripatetic school, which Charlemagne travell ed with, and the Hofschule, his court school. Most of the courts activities revolved around religion and the Hofschule even created a new addition to the gospels.  [61]  In addition, Charlemagne began to commission paintings such as the Al Fresco which still survives today in the chapel in Frankia. It overlooks the vault and illustrates Christ sitting in majesty. This represents to us a recurring theme that the arts tended to reflect; Charlemagnes comparison to Christ. Charlemagne however seemed to show a genuine interest in the developments of the arts as he was very interested in music and what was sung in his chapel.  [62]  Charlemagne used his patronage of the arts to improve the image in which other people saw him and successively improve his reputation. Einhard, a dedicated scholar who served both under Charlemagne and Louis the Pious claimed that the Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ was a very intelligent man.  [63]  Rosamond McKitterick suggests that it was a period of remark able efflorescence of culture initiated by Charlemagne  [64]  which is shown by the influx of poetry, art, and books produced during his reign. This can allow us to understand more clearly why the scholars in Charlemagnes era were eager to help the king; scholars from all around the globe sought to help him, including Alcuin of York and Paul the Deacon from Italy. The ability to summon such great men from other kingdoms suggests the reputation that preceded Charlemagne. His devotion to scholarly texts, prayer and almsgiving shows the depths of Charlemagnes faith and his desire and motivation to improve his subjects lives. Personally I think that this is an invaluable insight into the character of the king, as we are able to see how driven and determined Charlemagne was to both better the lives of his people, but also his personal reflection of what his duties meant to him. Charlemagnes attention to the arts tended to be quite extravagant and we may infer that he looked upon the subject as a form of propaganda. It suggests that he was very astute in his decision-making of what to commission in order to improve his reputation. It is clear to see that Charlemagne reputes himself with great integrity and achievement and his accomplishments were of great merit. The viewpoints regarding Charlemagnes claim to greatness are of great variation. Finding the distinction between a myth and a truly remarkable man has been difficult to determine throughout the scope of work available to me. Many historians, including Richard Winston who was writ